Lead MSDS and Public Health Information

Public Health Statement for Lead

CONTENTS:

Highlights

What is lead?

Facts about lead

What happens to lead when it enters the environment?

How might I be exposed to lead?

Where lead is found

Where lead is likely to be a hazard

How can lead affect my health?

Health effects of lead

How likely is lead to cause cancer?

How does lead affect children?

How can families reduce the risk of exposure to lead?

Checking your family and home for lead

What you can do to protect your family

Are you planning to buy or rent a home built before 1978

Remodeling or renovating a home with lead-based paint

Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to lead?

Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health from Lead?

References

Contact Information

Lead MSDS Information

HIGHLIGHTS:

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What is Lead?

Lead is a naturally occurring bluish-gray ductile metal found in small amounts in the earth's crust. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities including burning fossil fuels, mining, and manufacturing.

Lead has many different uses. It is used in the production of batteries, ammunition, metal products (solder and pipes), and devices to shield X-rays. Because of health concerns, lead from gasoline, paints and ceramic products, caulking, and pipe solder has been dramatically reduced in recent years.

Did you know the following facts about lead?

FACT:  Lead exposure can harm young children and babies even before they are born. 

FACT:  Even children who seem healthy can have high levels of lead in their bodies. 

FACT:  You can get lead in your body by breathing or swallowing lead dust, or by eating soil or paint chips containing lead. 

FACT:  You have many options for reducing lead hazards. In most cases, lead-based paint that is in good condition is not a hazard. 

FACT:  Removing lead-based paint improperly can increase the danger to your family. 

Synonyms for Lead:

• Blei
• C.I. 77575
• C.I. Pigment Metal 4
• CCRIS 1581
• CI 77575
• CI pigment metal 4
• EINECS 231-100-4
• Glover
• HSDB 231
• KS-4
• Lead
• Lead S 2
• Lead S2
• Lead element
• Lead flake
• Lead metal
• Olow [Polish]
• Omaha & grant
• Pb-S 100
• Plumbum
• Rough lead bullion
• SSO 1
• Lead, elemental
• Lead, elemental and inorganic compounds
• Lead, inorganic

Sources of Lead:

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What happens to Lead when it enters the environment?

• Lead itself does not break down, but lead compounds are changed by sunlight, air, and water.
• When lead is released to the air, it may travel long distances before settling to the ground.
• Once lead falls onto soil, it usually sticks to soil particles.
• Movement of lead from soil into groundwater will depend on the type of lead compound and the characteristics of the soil.
  

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How might I be exposed to Lead?

• Eating food or drinking water that contains lead. Water pipes in some older homes may contain lead solder. Lead can leach out into the water.
• Spending time in areas where lead-based paints have been used and are deteriorating. Deteriorating lead paint can contribute to lead dust.
• Working in a job where lead is used or engaging in certain hobbies in which lead is used, such stained glass.
• Using health-care products or folk remedies that contain lead.
• About 90% of pre-1940 homes contain lead-based paints, while about 60% of 1960-1979 homes contain significant amounts of lead in paint.
• The use of lead piping and lead solder in plumbing has been prohibited since 1986.
• Another little known source of inhaled lead particles may result from the natural radioactive decay of Radon gas within your home. It is likely you are breathing colorless, odorless yet deadly radon gas right now since Radon gas is a natural product of the Uranium found throughout earth's crust. Radon gas is also the second leading cause of lung cancer deaths in the U.S. Not only does Radon decomposition result in radiation, but the by-products such as lead attach to dust particles and can be inhaled deeply into the lungs were tissue damage will result. Because of the multiple hazards involved with Radon and the need to test all homes for it we strongly recommend you visit our Complete Guide to Radon Gas to learn more about the hazards of Radon gas, methods of Radon testing, and methods of radon remediation.

Where Lead is Found

*In general, the older your home, the more likely it has lead-based paint. * 
 

• Paint.  Many homes built before 1978 have lead-based paint.  The federal government banned lead-based paint from housing in 1978.  Some states stopped its use even earlier.  Lead can be found: 
  • In homes in the city, country, or suburbs. 
  • In apartments, single-family homes, and both private and public housing. 
  • Inside and outside of the house. 
• In soil around a home. (Soil can pick up lead from exterior paint, or other sources such as past use of leaded gas in cars.) 
• Household dust. (Dust can pick up lead from deteriorating lead-based paint or from soil tracked into a home.)
• Drinking water. Your home might have plumbing with lead or lead solder. Call your local health department or water supplier to find out about testing your water. You cannot see, smell, or taste lead, and boiling your water will not get rid of lead. If you think your plumbing might have lead in it: 
  • Use only cold water for drinking and cooking. 
  • Run water for 15 to 30 seconds before drinking it, especially if you have not used your water for a few hours. 
• The job. If you work with lead, you could bring it home on your hands or clothes. Shower and change clothes before coming home. Launder your work clothes separately from the rest of your family's clothes. 
• Old painted toys and furniture. 
• Food and liquids stored in lead crystal or lead-glazed pottery or porcelain. 
• Lead smelters or other industries that release lead into the air. 
• Hobbies that use lead, such as making pottery or stained glass, or refinishing furniture. 
• Folk remedies that contain lead, such as "greta" and "azarcon" used to treat an upset stomach. 

Where Lead is Likely to be a Hazard

*Lead from paint chips, which you can see, and lead dust, which you can't always see, can be serious hazards.* 
 

• Peeling, chipping, chalking, or cracking lead-based paint is a hazard and needs immediate attention. 
• Lead-based paint may also be a hazard when found on surfaces that children can chew or that get a lot of wear-and-tear.  These areas include: 
  • Windows and window sills.
  • Doors and door frames.
  • Stairs, railings, and banisters.
  • Porches and fences. 

Note:  Lead-based paint that is in good condition is usually not a hazard. 

• Lead dust can form when lead-based paint is dry scraped, dry sanded, or heated. Dust also forms when painted surfaces bump or rub together. Lead chips and dust can get on surfaces and objects that people touch. Settled lead dust can re-enter the air when people vacuum, sweep, or walk through it. 
• Lead in soil can be a hazard when children play in bare soil or when people bring soil into the house on their shoes. Contact the National Lead Information Center (NLIC) to find out about testing soil for lead.

Household Product listing Lead as an ingredient:

• Radio Shack 60/40 Rosin Core Solder Hobby/Craft solid
• Radio Shack #25 No Clean Solder Hobby/Craft solid
• Mayco Ceramic Glaze, Clear Hobby/Craft liquid
• Radio Shack Lead Solder Hobby/Craft solid
• Radio Shack Rosin Core Solder Hobby/Craft solid 0-100%
• Quikrete Color-PAK, All Colors except Charcoal No. 1318

Household Product listing Lead Acetate as an ingredient:

• Grecian Formula 16, Liquid with Conditioner Personal care/use liquid

Household Product listing Lead Oxide as an ingredient:

• Duncan Crystaltone Glazes Hobby/Craft liquid <28% (as PbO)
• Duncan Art Glazes Hobby/Craft liquid <29% (as PbO)
• Duncan GO 100 Series Opaque Glazes Hobby/Craft liquid <28% (as PbO)
• Duncan Antique Glaze Hobby/Craft liquid <29% (as PbO)

Industrial Processes with risk of exposure to Lead:

• Abrasive Blasting
• Battery Manufacturing
• Gas Welding and Cutting
• Metal Preparation and Pouring
• Metal Thermal Spraying
• Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
• Semiconductor Manufacturing
• Silk-Screen Printing
• Smelting Copper or Lead
• Soldering
• Steel Producing
• Welding
• Welding Over Coatings

Activities with risk of exposure to Lead:

• Ceramics making
• Cooking or drinking wine in a lead-glazed ceramic container
• Drinking water from a private well
• Enameling
• Glassblowing
• Home remodeling
• Ingesting an herbal remedy
• Jewelry making
• Living in a house with old plumbing or old paint
• Living near a smelter
• Lost wax casting
• Painting
• Pipe Organ Repair or Manufacture
• Smoking cigarettes
• Stained glass making

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How can Lead affect my health?

Diseases associated with exposure to Lead:

• Hemolytic anemia, acute
• Infertility, male
• Lead, subacute toxic effect
• Neuropathy, toxic

Half-life of Lead:

The Half-life of Lead is the time required to reduce by one half the amount of Lead absorbed by the body. Half-life can be calculated accurately only for those substances eliminated linearly, independent of concentration. For linearly eliminated substances, it takes approximately 3.5 half-lives to eliminate 90% of the substance.

• Half-life of lead in Blood: 1-3 months
• Half-life of Lead in whole body: 5 years

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How likely is lead to cause cancer?

We have no conclusive proof that lead causes cancer in humans. Kidney tumors have developed in rats and mice that had been given large doses of some kind of lead compounds. The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that lead and lead compounds are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens and the EPA has determined that lead is a probable human carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that inorganic lead is probably carcinogenic to humans and that there is insufficient information to determine whether organic lead compounds will cause cancer in humans.

How does lead affect children?

Small children can be exposed by eating lead-based paint chips, chewing on objects painted with lead-based paint, or swallowing house dust or soil that contains lead.

Children are more vulnerable to lead poisoning than adults. A child who swallows large amounts of lead may develop blood anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness, and brain damage. If a child swallows smaller amounts of lead, much less severe effects on blood and brain function may occur. Even at much lower levels of exposure, lead can affect a child's mental and physical growth.

Exposure to lead is more dangerous for young and unborn children. Unborn children can be exposed to lead through their mothers. Harmful effects include premature births, smaller babies, decreased mental ability in the infant, learning difficulties, and reduced growth in young children. These effects are more common if the mother or baby was exposed to high levels of lead. Some of these effects may persist beyond childhood.

Health Effects of Lead

*Childhood lead poisoning remains a major environmental health problem in the U.S..* 

*Even children who appear healthy can have dangerous levels of lead in their bodies.* 
 

• People can get lead in their body if they:
  • Put their hands or other objects covered with lead dust in their mouths. 
  • Eat paint chips or soil that contains lead. 
  • Breathe in lead dust (especially during renovations that disturb painted surfaces).
• Lead is even more dangerous to children than adults because: 
  • Babies and young children often put their hands and other objects in their mouths.  These objects can have lead dust on them. 

  • Children's growing bodies absorb more lead. 
  • Children's brains and nervous systems are more sensitive to the damaging effects of lead.
• If not detected early, children with high levels of lead in their bodies can suffer from: 
  • Damage to the brain and nervous system 
  • Behavior and learning problems (such as hyperactivity) 
  • Slowed growth
  • Hearing problems
  • Headaches 
• Lead is also harmful to adults. Adults can suffer from: 
  • Difficulties during pregnancy
  • Other reproductive problems (in both men and women) 
  • High blood pressure
  • Digestive problems
  • Nerve disorders
  • Memory and concentration problems
  • Muscle and joint pain 

How can families reduce the risk of exposure to lead?

• Avoid exposure to sources of lead.
• Do not allow children to chew or mouth painted surfaces that may have been painted with lead-based paint.
  
• If you have a water lead problem, run or flush water that has been standing overnight before drinking or cooking with it.
  
• Some types of paints and pigments that are used as make-up or hair coloring contain lead. Keep these kinds of products away from children
  
• If your home contains lead-based paint or you live in an area contaminated with lead, wash children's hands and faces often to remove lead dusts and soil, and regularly clean the house of dust and tracked in soil.
  

Checking Your Family and Home for Lead

*Get your children and home tested if you think your home has high levels of lead.* 

*Just knowing that a home has lead-based paint may not tell you if there is a hazard.* 

To reduce your child’s exposure to lead, get your child checked, have your home tested (especially if your home has paint in poor condition and was built before 1978), and fix any hazards you may have.
 

• Your Family 
  • Children’s blood lead levels tend to increase rapidly from 6 to 12 months of age, and tend to peak at 18 to 24 months of age.
  • Consult your doctor for advice on testing your children.  A simple blood test can detect high levels of lead. Blood tests are important for: 
    • Children at ages 1 and 2.
    • Children and other family members who have been exposed to high levels of lead. 
    • Children who should be tested under your state or local health screening plan.
  • Your doctor can explain what the test results mean and if more testing will be needed.
• Your Home
  • You can get your home checked in one of two ways, or both: 
    • A paint inspection tells you the lead content of every different type of painted surface in your home. It won't tell you whether the paint is a hazard or how you should deal with it. 
    • A risk assessment tells you if there are any sources of serious lead exposure (such as peeling paint and lead dust). It also tells you what actions to take to address these hazards. 
  • Have qualified professionals do the work. There are standards in place for certifying lead-based paint professionals to ensure the work is done safely, reliably, and effectively.  Contact the National Lead Information Center (NLIC) for a list of contacts in your area.
  • Trained professionals use a range of methods when checking your home, including: 
    • Visual inspection of paint condition and location. 
    • A portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) machine.
    • Lab tests of paint samples.
    • Surface dust tests.

Note:  Home test kits for lead are available, but studies suggest that they are not always accurate.  Consumers should not rely on these tests before doing renovations or to assure safety.

What You Can do to Protect Your Family

• If you suspect that your house has lead hazards, you can take some immediate steps to reduce your family's risk: 
  • If you rent, notify your landlord of peeling or chipping paint. 
  • Clean up paint chips immediately. 
  • Clean floors, window frames, window sills, and other surfaces weekly. Use a mop, sponge, or paper towel with warm water and a general all-purpose cleaner or a cleaner made specifically for lead. REMEMBER: NEVER MIX AMMONIA AND BLEACH PRODUCTS TOGETHER SINCE THEY CAN FORM A DANGEROUS GAS. 
  • Thoroughly rinse sponges and mop heads after cleaning dirty or dusty areas. 
  • Wash children's hands often, especially before they eat and before nap time and bed time.
  • Keep play areas clean. Wash bottles, pacifiers, toys, and stuffed animals regularly. 
  • Keep children from chewing window sills or other painted surfaces. 
  • Clean or remove shoes before entering your home to avoid tracking in lead from soil. 
  • Make sure children eat nutritious, low-fat meals high in iron and calcium, such as spinach and dairy products.  Children with good diets absorb less lead. 
• In addition to day-to-day cleaning and good nutrition: 
  • You can temporarily reduce lead hazards by taking actions such as repairing damaged painted surfaces and planting grass to cover soil with high lead levels. These actions (called "interim controls") are not permanent solutions and will need ongoing attention. 
  • To permanently remove lead hazards, you must hire a certified lead "abatement" contractor. Abatement (or permanent hazard elimination) methods include removing, sealing, or enclosing lead-based paint with special materials. Just painting over the hazard with regular paint is not enough. 
  • Always hire a person with special training for correcting lead problems--someone who knows how to do this work safely and has the proper equipment to clean up thoroughly. Certified contractors will employ qualified workers and follow strict safety rules set by their state or the federal government. 
  • Contact the National Lead Information Center(NLIC) for help with locating certified contractors in your area and to see if financial assistance is available. 

Are You Planning to Buy or Rent a Home Built Before 1978?

Many houses and apartments built before 1978 have paint that contains lead (called lead-based paint). Lead from paint, chips, and dust can pose serious health hazards if not taken care of properly. 

Federal law requires that individuals receive certain information before renting or buying a pre-1978 housing: 

• Residential Lead-Based Paint Disclosure Program
  • LANDLORDS have to disclose known information on lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards before leases take effect. Leases must include a disclosure form about lead-based paint. 
  • SELLERS have to disclose known information on lead-based paint and lead-based paint hazards before selling a house. Sales contracts must include a disclosure form about lead-based paint.  Buyers have up to 10 days to check for lead hazards. 
  • More information on the disclosure program.

Remodeling or Renovating a Home with Lead-Based Paint

*If not conducted properly, certain types of renovations can release lead from paint and dust into the air.*

Many houses and apartments built before 1978 have paint that contains lead (called lead-based paint). Lead from paint, chips, and dust can pose serious health hazards if not taken care of properly. 
 

• Federal law requires that contractors provide lead information to residents before renovating a pre-1978 housing: 
  • Pre-Renovation Education Program (PRE)
    • RENOVATORS have to give you a pamphlet titled “Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home”, before starting work. 
    • More information on the Pre-Renovation Education Program.
• Take precautions before your contractor or you begin remodeling or renovations that disturb painted surfaces (such as scraping off paint or tearing out walls): 
  • Have the area tested for lead-based paint. 
  • Do not use a belt-sander, propane torch, heat gun, dry scraper, or dry sandpaper to remove lead-based paint. These actions create large amounts of lead dust and fumes.
  • Lead dust can remain in your home long after the work is done. 
  • Temporarily move your family (especially children and pregnant women) out of the apartment or house until the work is done and the area is properly cleaned. If you can't move your family, at least completely seal off the work area. 
  • Follow other safety measures to reduce lead hazards. You can find out about other safety measures in the EPA brochure titled "Reducing Lead Hazards When Remodeling Your Home".  This brochure explains what to do before, during, and after renovations. 
  • If you have already completed renovations or remodeling that could have released lead-based paint or dust, get your young children tested and follow the steps outlined to protect your family.

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Is there a medical test to show whether I've been exposed to lead?

A blood test is available to measure the amount of lead in your blood and to estimate the amount of your recent exposure to lead. Blood tests are commonly used to screen children for lead poisoning. Lead in teeth or bones can be measured by X-ray techniques, but these methods are not widely available. Exposure to lead also can be evaluated by measuring erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) in blood samples. EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase when the amount of lead in the blood is high. However, the EP level is not sensitive enough to identify children with elevated blood lead levels below about 25 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL). These tests usually require special analytical equipment that is not available in a doctor's office. However, your doctor can draw blood samples and send them to appropriate laboratories for analysis.

Has the federal government made recommendations to protect human health from Lead?

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that states test children at ages 1 and 2 years. Children should be tested at ages 3-6 years if they have never been tested for lead, if they receive services from public assistance programs for the poor such as Medicaid or the Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, if they live in a building or frequently visit a house built before 1950; if they visit a home (house or apartment) built before 1978 that has been recently remodeled; and/or if they have a brother, sister, or playmate who has had lead poisoning. CDC considers a lead level of 10 µg/dL to be a level of concern for children.

EPA limits lead in drinking water to 15 µg per liter.

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2005. Toxicological Profile for lead. (Draft for Public Comment). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

The Environmental Protection Agency: "Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil" back to top

Where can I get more information about Lead?

ATSDR can tell you where to find occupational and environmental health clinics. Their specialists can recognize, evaluate, and treat illnesses resulting from exposure to hazardous substances. You can also contact your community or state health or environmental quality department if you have any more questions or concerns.

For more information, contact:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Division of Toxicology
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mailstop F-32
Atlanta, GA 30333
Phone: 1-888-42-ATSDR (1-888-422-8737)
FAX:   (770)-488-4178
Email:ATSDRIC@cdc.gov

The National Lead Information Center (NLIC) provides the general public and professionals with information about lead hazards and their prevention. NLIC operates under a contract with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with funding from EPA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

Contact the National Lead Information Center for detailed information or questions.

By Phone: call and speak with a specialist Monday through Friday, 8:00 am to 6:00 pm eastern time (except Federal holidays) at 1(800) 424-LEAD [5323].

By Recorded Message: the NLIC telecommunications systems has the capability to receive recorded messages in English and Spanish 24-hours a day, seven days a week at 1(800) 424-LEAD [5323].

By FAX: 585-232-3111

By Mail: 422 South Clinton Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620

The NLIC's above hotline distributes a basic information packet on lead that includes the EPA brochure Lead Poisoning and Your Children, three fact sheets, and a list of state and local contacts for additional information. Callers who have more specific questions are referred to the Clearinghouse (800-424-LEAD) and can speak directly with an information specialist. Information specialists provide on-phone technical assistance.

CDC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program

This program promotes state and local screening efforts and develops improved treatments for lead exposure.

Safe Drinking Water Hotline 1-800-426-4791

The Safe Drinking Water Hotline provides the general public, regulators, medical and water professionals, academia, and media, with information about drinking water and ground water programs authorized under the Safe Drinking Water Act. The Hotline is operated under contract by Booz Allen Hamilton, Incorporated, and housed in its Crystal City, Virginia, offices.

• Documents and Brochures Available from the EPA
  • Lead in Your Home: A Parent's Reference Guide 
  • Testing Your Home for Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil
  • Finding a Qualified Lead Professional for Your Home
  • Lead Poisoning and Your Children (English)
  • Lead Poisoning and Your Children (En Español)

  • Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home (English)
  • Protect Your Family From Lead in Your Home (En Español)
  • Reducing Lead Hazards When Remodeling Your Home (English)
  • Reducing Lead Hazards When Remodeling Your Home (En Español)
  • Ten Tips to Protect Children from Pesticide and Lead Poisonings around the Home 
  • The Lead-Based Paint Pre-Renovation Education Rule: A Handbook for Contractors, Property Mangers, and Maintenance Personnel
  • Lead Paint Safety: A Field Guide for Painting, Home Maintenance, and Renovation Work

Lead MSDS Information

Printing date 05/17/2006

Reviewed on 02/21/2006

1 Identification of substance: Product details: Product name: Lead powder Stock number: 41370 Manufacturer/Supplier: Alfa Aesar, A Johnson Matthey Company Johnson Matthey Catalog Company, Inc. 30 Bond Street Ward Hill, MA 01835-8099 Emergency Phone: (978) 521-6300 CHEMTREC: (800) 424-9300 Web Site: www.alfa.com Information Department: Health, Safety and Environmental Department Emergency information: During normal hours the Health, Safety and Environmental Department. After normal hours call Chemtrec at (800) 424-9300.

2 Composition/Data on components: Chemical characterization:            Description: (CAS#)                                         Lead (CAS# 7439-92-1): 100% Identification number(s): EINECS Number: 231-100-4

3 Hazards identification Hazard description: T Toxic N Dangerous for the environment Information pertaining to particular dangers for man and environment R 61    May cause harm to the unborn child R 62    Possible risk of impaired fertility R 20/22 Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. R 33    Danger of cumulative effects. R 50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment Classification system HMIS ratings (scale 0-4)   (Hazardous Materials Identification System) Health (acute effects) = 2 Flammability = 0 Reactivity = 0

4 First aid measures After inhalation Supply fresh air. If required, provide artificial respiration. Keep patient warm. Seek immediate medical advice. After skin contact Immediately wash with water and soap and rinse thoroughly. Seek immediate medical advice. After eye contact Rinse opened eye for several minutes under running water. Then consult a doctor. After swallowing Seek immediate medical advice.

5 Fire fighting measures Suitable extinguishing agents Carbon dioxide, extinguishing powder or water spray. Fight larger fires with water spray or alcohol resistant foam. Special hazards caused by the material, its products of combustion or   resulting gases: In case of fire, the following can be released: Lead oxide fume Protective equipment: Wear self-contained respirator. Wear fully protective impervious suit.

6 Accidental release measures Person-related safety precautions: Wear protective equipment. Keep unprotected persons away. Ensure adequate ventilation Measures for environmental protection: Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits. Measures for cleaning/collecting: Dispose contaminated material as waste according to item 13. Additional information: See Section 7 for information on safe handling See Section 8 for information on personal protection equipment. See Section 13 for disposal information.

7 Handling and storage Handling Information for safe handling: Keep container tightly sealed. Store in cool, dry place in tightly closed containers. Ensure good ventilation at the workplace. Open and handle container with care. Information about protection against explosions and fires: No special measures required. Storage Requirements to be met by storerooms and receptacles: No special requirements. Information about storage in one common storage facility: Store away from oxidizing agents. Do not store together with acids. Further information about storage conditions: Keep container tightly sealed. Store in cool, dry conditions in well sealed containers.

8 Exposure controls and personal protection Additional information about design of technical systems: Properly operating chemical fume hood designed for hazardous chemicals and having an average face velocity of at least 100 feet per minute. Components with limit values that require monitoring at the workplace: Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds (as Pb)                       mg(Pb)/m3 ACGIH TLV             0.05; Confirmed animal carcinogen Austria MAK           0.1 Belgium TWA           0.15 Denmark TWA           0.1 Germany MAK           0.1 Japan OEL             0.1 Korea TLV             0.05; Confirmed animal carcinogen Netherlands TWA       0.15 Norway TWA            0.05 Poland TWA            0.05 Sweden TWA            0.05 (resp. dust)                       0.1 (total dust) Switzerland MAK-W     0.1 United Kingdom TWA    0.1 USA PEL               0.05 Additional information: No data Personal protective equipment General protective and hygienic measures The usual precautionary measures for handling chemicals should be followed. Keep away from foodstuffs, beverages and feed. Remove all soiled and contaminated clothing immediately. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of work. Store protective clothing separately. Breathing equipment: Use suitable respirator when high concentrations are present. Refer to 29CFR1910.1025 for regulations on respiratory protection required during exposure to lead and lead compounds. Protection of hands: Impervious gloves Check protective gloves prior to each use for their proper condition. Material of gloves The selection of suitable gloves not only depends on the material, but also on quality.  Quality will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Eye protection: Safety glasses Body protection: Protective work clothing.

9 Physical and chemical properties: General Information Form: Powder Color: Dark grey Odor: Odorless                                      Value/Range  Unit    Method       Change in condition Melting point/Melting range:                327.43 ° C Boiling point/Boiling range:                  1740 ° C Sublimation temperature / start:   Not determined Flash point:                       Not applicable Ignition temperature:              Not determined Decomposition temperature:         Not determined Danger of explosion: Product does not present an explosion hazard. Explosion limits: Lower:                             Not determined Upper:                             Not determined Vapor pressure:                    Not determined Density:               at   20 ° C           11.34 g/cm³ Solubility in / Miscibility with Water:                             Insoluble

10 Stability and reactivity Thermal decomposition / conditions to be avoided: Decomposition will not occur if used and stored according to specifications. Materials to be avoided: Acids Reducing agents Oxidizing agents Dangerous reactions No dangerous reactions known Dangerous products of decomposition: No dangerous decomposition products known

11 Toxicological information Acute toxicity: LD/LC50 values that are relevant for classification:                    Oral: LDLo: 160 mg/kg (pgn) Primary irritant effect: on the skin: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes. on the eye: Irritating effect. Sensitization: No sensitizing effects known. Other information (about experimental toxicology): Reproductive effects have been observed on tests with laboratory animals. Mutagenic effects have been observed with humans. Mutagenic effects have been observed on tests with laboratory animals. Subacute to chronic toxicity: Lead and lead compounds may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, lassitude, insomnia, muscle weakness, joint and muscle pain, irritability, headache and dizziness. Red blood cells may be damaged resulting in anemia.  Gastritis and injury to the kidneys, liver, male gonads, and central nervous system may also occur. Subacute to chronic toxicity: The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) reports the following effects in laboratory animals: Peripheral Nerve and Sensation - flaccid paralysis without anesthesia. Behavioral - hallucinations, distorted perceptions. Behavioral - muscle weakness. Behavioral - alteration of classical conditioning. Gastrointestinal - gastritis. Liver - other changes. Brain and Coverings - other degenerative changes. Nutritional and Gross Metabolic - changes in metals, not otherwise specified. Blood - pigmented or nucleated red blood cells. Blood - other changes. Blood - changes in cell count (unspecified). Immunological Including Allergic - uncharacterized. Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus). Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - fetal death. Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - behavioral. Reproductive - Effects on Newborn - biochemical and metabolic. Reproductive - Fertility - female fertility index (e.g. # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) Reproductive - Fertility - pre-implantation mortality (e.g. reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive - Fertility - other measures of fertility. Reproductive - Effects on Embryo or Fetus - cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) Reproductive - Specific Developmental Abnormalities - blood and lymphatic systems. Additional toxicological information: May cause harm to the unborn child. Possible risk of impaired fertility. To the best of our knowledge the acute and chronic toxicity of this substance is not fully known. EPA-B2: Probable human carcinogen, sufficient evidence from animal studies; inadequate evidence or no data from epidemiologic studies. IARC-2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans: limited evidence in humans in the absence of sufficient evidence in experimental animals. ACGIH A3: Animal carcinogen: Agent is carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administration, at site(s), of histologic type(s), or by mechanism(s) not considered relevant to worker exposure.  Available epidemologic studies do not confirm an increased risk of cancer in exposed humans.  Available evidence suggests that the agent is not likely to cause cancer in humans except under uncommon or unlikely routes or levels of exposure. NTP-2: Reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen: limited evidence from studies in humans or sufficient evidence from studies in experimental animals.

12 Ecological information: Ecotoxical effects: Remark: Very toxic for fish General notes: Also poisonous for fish and plankton in water bodies. Do not allow material to be released to the environment without proper governmental permits. Very toxic for aquatic organisms

13 Disposal considerations Product: Recommendation Consult state, local or national regulations to ensure proper disposal. Uncleaned packagings: Recommendation: Disposal must be made according to official regulations.

14 Transport information Not a hazardous material for transportation. DOT regulations: Hazard class:             None Hazardous substance:      10 lbs, 4.54 kg Land transport ADR/RID  (cross-border) ADR/RID class:            - Maritime transport IMDG: IMDG Class:               None Air transport ICAO-TI and IATA-DGR: ICAO/IATA Class:          None Transport/Additional information: Not dangerous according to the above specifications.

15 Regulations Product related hazard informations: Hazard symbols: T Toxic N Dangerous for the environment Risk phrases: 61    May cause harm to the unborn child 62    Possible risk of impaired fertility 20/22 Harmful by inhalation and if swallowed. 33    Danger of cumulative effects. 50/53 Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment Safety phrases: 53    Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. 45    In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately. 60    This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. 61    Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheets National regulations All components of this product are listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical substance Inventory. This product contains a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity. Information about limitation of use: For use only by technically qualified individuals. This product contains lead and is subject to the reporting requirements of section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act of 1986 and 40CFR372. Other regulations, limitations and prohibitive regulations Refer to 29CFR1910.1025 for regulations concerning lead and lead compounds.

16 Other information: Employers should use this information only as a supplement to other information gathered by them, and should make independent judgement of suitability of this information to ensure proper use and protect the health and safety of employees.  This information is furnished without warranty, and any use of the product not in conformance with this Material Safety Data Sheet, or in combination with any other product or process, is the responsibility of the user. Department issuing MSDS: Health, Safety and Environmental Department. Contact: Darrell R. Sanders

Complete Lead Toxicology and Chemical Information

FULL RECORD
 Human Health Effects
     Evidence for Carcinogenicity
     Human Toxicity Excerpts
     Medical Surveillance
     Populations at Special Risk
     Probable Routes of Human Exposure
 Emergency Medical Treatment
     Emergency Medical Treatment
     Antidote and Emergency Treatment
 Animal Toxicity Studies
     Evidence for Carcinogenicity
     Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
     Ecotoxicity Values
 Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics
     Absorption, Distribution & Excretion
     Biological Half-Life
     Mechanism of Action
     Interactions
 Pharmacology
     Interactions
 Environmental Fate & Exposure
     Probable Routes of Human Exposure
     Natural Pollution Sources
     Milk Concentrations
 Environmental Standards & Regulations
     Acceptable Daily Intakes
     CERCLA Reportable Quantities
     RCRA Requirements
     Atmospheric Standards
     Clean Water Act Requirements
     Federal Drinking Water Standards
     State Drinking Water Guidelines
     FDA Requirements
 Chemical/Physical Properties
     Molecular Formula
     Molecular Weight
     Color/Form
     Boiling Point
     Melting Point
     Density/Specific Gravity
     Heat of Vaporization
     Vapor Pressure
     Viscosity
     Other Chemical/Physical Properties
 Chemical Safety & Handling
     Fire Potential
     Toxic Combustion Products
     Explosive Limits & Potential
     Hazardous Reactivities & Incompatibilities
     Hazardous Decomposition
     Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
     Protective Equipment & Clothing
     Preventive Measures
     Stability/Shelf Life
     Cleanup Methods
     Disposal Methods
 Occupational Exposure Standards
     OSHA Standards
     Threshold Limit Values
     NIOSH Recommendations
     Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
     Other Occupational Permissible Levels
 Manufacturing/Use Information
     Major Uses
     Manufacturers
     Methods of Manufacturing
     General Manufacturing Information
     Formulations/Preparations
     Impurities
     Consumption Patterns
     U. S. Production
     U. S. Imports
     U. S. Exports
 Laboratory Methods
     Clinical Laboratory Methods
     Sampling Procedures
 Special References
     Special Reports
 Synonyms and Identifiers
     Related HSDB Records
     Synonyms
     Formulations/Preparations
     EPA Hazardous Waste Number

Human Health Effects:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Sufficient animal evidence. Ten rat bioassays and one mouse assay have shown statisticlly significant increases in renal tumors with dietary and subcutaneous exposure to several soluble lead salts. Animal assays provide reproducible results in several laboratories, in multiple rat strains with some evidence of multiple tumor sites. Short term studies show that lead affects gene expression. Human evidence is inadequate. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient. /Lead and compounds/
[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Lead and compounds (inorganic) (7439-92-1) Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March 15, 2000]**PEER REVIEWED**

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/
[ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2005, p. 36]**QC REVIEWED**

Human Toxicity Excerpts:

TOXIC BY INGESTION & INHALATION OF DUST OR FUME.
[Sax, N.I. and R.J. Lewis, Sr. (eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 687]**PEER REVIEWED**

SEVERE POISONING IS PRODUCED THROUGH EXPOSURE TO FUMES FROM LEAD FURNACES IF FUMES ARE ALLOWED TO ESCAPE & FROM DUST FROM DROSSING.
[Hamilton, A., and H. L. Hardy. Industrial Toxicology. 3rd ed. Acton, Mass.: Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., 1974., p. 88]**PEER REVIEWED**

MOST ... LEAD EXPOSURE STUDIES INVOLVE LEAD OXIDE DUST OR THE FUME OF METALLIC LEAD. SOME REPORTS HAVE INDICATED THAT THE DUSTS OF CERTAIN INSOLUBLE LEAD COMPOUNDS, SUCH AS THE SULFIDE & CHROMATE, WERE LESS HAZARDOUS THAN MORE SOLUBLE FORMS OF LEAD.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 848]**PEER REVIEWED**

ONE OF 2 /EPIDEMIOLOGICAL/ STUDIES ON METALLIC LEAD WORKERS SHOWED NO EXCESS OF CANCER DEATHS. THE OTHER SHOWED A SLIGHT (ALTHOUGH SIGNIFICANT) EXCESS OF DEATHS DUE TO CANCERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM & RESP SYSTEM AMONG SMELTER WORKERS BUT NOT AMONG WORKERS IN LEAD-ACID BATTERY FACTORY. AS 60% OF MEMBERS OF SMELTER WORKERS COHORT WERE HIRED AFTER 1950, FURTHER FOLLOW-UP OF THIS COHORT IS WARRANTED, IN ORDER TO DETERMINE MORE RELIABLY IF THERE IS AN EXCESS RISK.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 387 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Cases of lead poisoning due to retained bullets are reported only rarely but represent potentially life-threatening reactions. ... Almost all cases in USA have involved the dissolution of a single bullet over several mo to more than 20 yr. ... Bullets in joint spaces are ... more likely to cause toxic complications than are bullets lodged in soft tissues.
[Gosselin, R.E., R.P. Smith, H.C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984., p. III-227]**PEER REVIEWED**

LEAD METAL FOREIGN BODIES IN EYE OR ... ORBIT IN HUMANS ... HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED TO CAUSE LITTLE REACTION & RARELY ANY TOXIC EFFECT. CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH VARIOUS INTRAOCULAR FOREIGN BODIES PRESENTED IN DETAIL WITH HISTOLOGIC STUDIES ... INDICATED THAT LEAD METALLIC FOREIGN BODIES CAUSED MINIMAL INFLAMMATORY REACTION, MAINLY MECHANICAL INJURY. ... /IN ANOTHER REPORT IT WAS/ CONCLUDED THAT LEAD FRAGMENTS IN PATIENTS WERE WELL TOLERATED IN THE EYE & IN THE ORBIT & THAT THEY SHOULD NOT BE REMOVED UNLESS THEY WERE IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER. ... /A/ CASE /IS DESCRIBED/ IN WHICH ... A SMALL LEAD SHOT WAS ALLOWED TO REMAIN IN THE VITREOUS, THE VISION RETURNED TO NORMAL AS BLOOD IN THE VITREOUS ABSORBED OR SETTLED IN THE COURSE OF A YEAR. ... IN ONE CASE, WHICH APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN QUITE EXCEPTIONAL ... A PATIENT WITH A LEAD SHOT BEHIND ONE GLOBE HAD IMPAIRED VISION IN THAT EYE. THIS WAS ASSUMED TO BE DUE TO A TOXIC EFFECT OF LEAD. WHETHER THIS INTERPRETATION WAS CORRECT OR NOT, A SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF VISION WAS REPORTED WHEN SYSTEMIC & TOPICAL TREATMENT WITH 2,3-DIMERCAPTOPROPANSULFONATE SODIUM WAS STARTED 5 YEARS AFTER THE INJURY.
[Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 548]**PEER REVIEWED**

In a cross-sectional study, the neurobehavioral effects of low-level lead exposure were evaluated in a group of 59 lead workers compared with 59 matched controls. The groups were not significantly different in age, education level, sleep pattern, or use of alcohol. The mean blood lead level in the exposed group was 2.37 umol/l (50 ug/100 ml) which was similar to the previous three years (2.36, 2.36, and 2.32 umol/l, respectively). The mean duration of exposure was 8109 hrs. Visual sensory function was affected, and perhaps as a consequence sustained attention and psychomotor tasks were performed more slowly by the lead exposed group. Cognitive functions were also impaired, with sensory store and short term memories, and learning abilities all showing deficits in lead workers. Multiple linear regression analysis relating to lead workers test performance and their lead exposure showed that performance on the sensory store memory test alone was significantly related to exposure.
[Williamson AM, Teo RKC; Br J Ind Med 43: 374-80 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

The activities of erythrocyte (rbc) arginase, pyrimidine 5'- nucleotidase (P5N), and deoxypyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase (dP5N) were compared in 16 lead workers and 14 age-matched controls as correlates of blood lead (PbB) and unextracted zinc protoporphyrin (EP). Subjects with blood lead of 0.9-2.5 uM (19-52 ug/dl) had 6.5 + or - 0.6 IU of pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity with uridine monophosphate (UMP) as substrate, significantly less (p< 0.001) than the 12.0 + or - 0.7 IU activity of controls with blood lead 0.3-0.6 uM (6-12 ug/dl). Erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase was significantly correlated with blood lead (r= 0.75). There were no significant differences in erythrocyte arginase or deoxypyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase activity.
[Cook LR et al; Br J Ind Med 43: 387-90 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

In a cross-sectional study of 20 gun-metal foundry workers (mean age 47 yr) the subclinical neurophysiological effects of exposure to lead, zinc, copper, and tin were evaluated by "short-latency" somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP). Controls were age and height-matched males without occupational exposure to lead. Range of employment was 1-16 yr (mean 10 yr). In exposed workers, mean blood lead was 42 ug/dl, mean zinc plasma 95 ug/dl, mean copper plasma 105 ug/dl, and mean urinary tin 28 ug/l. In workers, the interpeak latency of SSEP in the cervico-spino-bulbar region (N9(Erb)-N13 latency) was significantly prolonged (p< 0.05), and the MCV and SCV in the forearm were significantly slowed (0.01< p< 0.05) when compared with controls. The yield of urinary lead following challenge with Ca-EDTA was positively related to SSEP latency in the cervico-spino-bulbar region and inversely related to hematocrit (p< 0.05). The interpeak latency in the upper central nervous system (N13-20 latency) was inversely related to zinc concentration in erythrocytes. Latency up to the Erbs point was inversely related to urinary zinc. MCV and SCV in the palm were positively related to erythrocyte zinc concentration and plasma copper concentration, respectively (p< 0.05). It appears that zinc antagonizes the central and peripheral neurophysiologic dysfunction caused by lead, and similarly copper antagonizes the peripheral sensory nerve dysfunction.
[Araki S et al; Am J Ind Med 10: 163-75 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Battery workers (N= 18), who were exposed to high airborne lead levels, /were compared/ with cement workers (N= 18), who were exposed to ambient lead levels. Blood lead urinary lead, semen lead, and zinc protoporphyrin concentrations were markedly elevated (p< 0.001) in battery workers. Battery workers had a significantly shifted (p< 0.025) frequency distribution of sperm count (median count, 45 vs 73x10x6 cells/cc, respectively). ... These results suggest a direct toxic effect of increased lead absorption on sperm production or transport in man.
[Assennato G et al; Arch Environ Health 42 (2): 124 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lead containing particles in ambient air have an aerodynamic diameter of approx 0.1-1.0 um, & the predicted deposition in the airway is about 35%. This is questionable for smaller particles (< 0.1 um) which are mainly deposited by diffusion. Actual measurements of deposition in human volunteers gave results that differed considerably depending on the physical & chemical properties of the inhaled aerosol. ... A deposition of approx 25% /was observed/ after exposure to particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of 0.25 um. ... A deposition in the resp tract of about 60% /was observed/ in persons close to a motorway, where particles were about 0.03 um in diameter. This figure is consistent with lab expt carried out by the same authors, in which subjects inhaled radioactively labeled particles of about the same size. When volunteers inhaled lead particles near urban roads where the particle size was larger (0.2-2.0 um), deposition was about 50%. Based on available data, it seems reasonable to conclude that the rate of deposition of airborne lead in the general population is approx 30-50%, depending on particle size & ventilation rates.
[Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 311]**PEER REVIEWED**

There is no evidence that inhaled lead /as a trace substance in the environment/ has local effects on the respiratory system in man ... .
[Friberg, L., Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1986., p. V2 324]**PEER REVIEWED**

Dissolution of lead from lead soldered joints in water pipes frequently occurs where water is soft or acidic. /SRP: Thereby contributing to long term chronic exposure to the general population./
[Evans RD, Rigler FH; Water Air Soil Pollution 24: 141-51 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Most lead poisoning in children occurs between ages 1 and 5 years. There is a higher incidence of child-related lead poisoning during the warmer months.
[Gossel, T.A., J.D. Bricker. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1994., p. 192]**PEER REVIEWED**

Chronic exposure to lead has been found to produce infertility, germinal epithelium damage, oligospermia and testicular degeneration, decreased sperm motility, and prostatic hyperplasia.
[Thomas, J.A., K.S. Korach, J.A. McLachlan. Endocrine Toxicology. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1985., p. 167]**PEER REVIEWED**

There is convincing evidence that lead is transferred to neonates via maternal milk. It appears that maternal milk might be a source of lead for the neonates, particularly when metal levels are elevated in the mother.
[Thomas, J.A., K.S. Korach, J.A. McLachlan. Endocrine Toxicology. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1985., p. 168]**PEER REVIEWED**

Arthralgia, often associated with muscle aches and pain, is a frequent symptom in lead poisoning. Although generally thought to appear mainly in chronic poisoning, joint pain is often reported even by persons exposed briefly (weeks) who have relatively low blood lead concentrations. It is a symptom that ... frequently indicates that the blood lead concentration is on the rise.
[Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 744]**PEER REVIEWED**

... The EPA concluded that blood levels in the range of 50-70 ug/dl are associated with a 5-point reduction in IQ, even among asymptomatic children and after controlling for potential confounding factors.
[Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 1233]**PEER REVIEWED**

/Researchers/ reported on a cohort of 132 young adults whose levels of dentine lead were measured in primary school. Young people whose childhood dentine levels were greater than 20 ppm were found to be at a markedly higher risk of dropping out of high school and having reading disabilities, than the low-lead exposure group, whose dentine lead levels had been less than 10 ppm. Other measures of performance affected included vocabulary and grammatical reasoning, absenteeism, hand-eye coordination (poorer) and reaction time (slowed).
[Rom, W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 1234]**PEER REVIEWED**

The earliest subjective symptoms /of lead poisoningin working adults/ are diffuse and include weariness at the end of the day. The patient is moody and irritable and may fall asleep watching television. Often he loses his interest in leisure-time activities. Such mild symptoms frequently occur with blood-lead levels below 80 ug/100 ml.
[Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 518]**PEER REVIEWED**

... 49 long-term lead-exposed workers were compared to 27 low-exposed workers through a number of psychologic tests. After controlling for age, the exposed group performed worse on tests measuring memory, learning, and reaction time, while impaired performance was not detected in reasoning, perceptual speed, and psychomotor ability.
[Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

... /Researchers/ found impaired performances on tests of verbal concept formation, perceptual performance, and memory in a lead-exposed group with present lead concentrations between 40 and 60 ug/100 ml.
[Zenz, C., O.B. Dickerson, E.P. Horvath. Occupational Medicine. 3rd ed. St. Louis, MO., 1994, p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

A study of 260 infants prospectively followed from birth suggests that the expected stature of a child born to a mother with a prenatal blood lead concentration over 7.7 ug/dL is about 2 cm shorter at 15 mos of age if, potentially, the infant also incurred a 10 ug/dL blood level increase during the 3- to 15-month interval of life.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1565]**PEER REVIEWED**

Moderate effects on follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone have been correlated with lead levels over about 50 ug/dL.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1565]**PEER REVIEWED**

The relative risk of preterm delivery at exposure levels of 14 ug/dL or greater was 8.7 times the risk at levels of up to 8 ug/dL in one prospective study. A Cincinnati study noted a half-week's reduction in gestation for every 10 ug/dL increment in blood lead.
[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1565]**PEER REVIEWED**

Lead has an adverse effect on fetuses, particularly in the later stages of development. Distribution of lead in fetal tissues was examined in a case in which a woman was exposed during pregnancy. The female worker was exposed to lead dust for 8 hr daily when conception occurred. ... Measurements of lead content were started after the end of the exposure and continued for 6 months until normal values were obtained. Because of half-life of nearly 20 days for lead elimination from blood, the estimated body burden at the end of exposure was about 1200 ppb. The fetal tissue samples contained between 0.4 (brain) and 7.9 (liver) ug Pb/g dry weight. The fetal lead was stored mainly in bone, blood, and liver.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2073]**PEER REVIEWED**

Goyer found inclusion bodies in renal biopsies of two lead industry workers who had excess lead exposure, but only subclinical signs of lead toxicity in the form of weakness, nausea, some abdominal colic, and blood lead values of about 100 ug/dl.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2073]**PEER REVIEWED**

Finnish men were biologically monitored for lead exposure. The cases (213 spontaneous abortions) and controls (300 births) were identified from medical registers in Finland. The results did not show a statistically significant relationship between spontaneous abortion and paternal lead exposure among all the study subjects. However, a significant increase in the risk of those women whose husbands had been monitored (blood lead equal to or greater than 1.5 umol/l) during or close to the time of spermatogenesis was observed.
[Clayton, G.D., F.E. Clayton (eds.) Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Volumes 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F: Toxicology. 4th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1993-1994., p. 2081]**PEER REVIEWED**

Small increases in blood pressure have been related to adults with PbB levels down to 7 ug/dl.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 849]**PEER REVIEWED**

... PbB concentrations in excess of 60 ug/100 g ... have been associated with peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal disturbances and anemia. ... Nerve conduction velocities ... /decreases/ in workers with maximal blood leads between 50 and 70 ug/100 g.
[American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 6th ed. Volumes I, II, III. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1991., p. 849]**PEER REVIEWED**

Food and Environmental Agents: Effect on Breast-Feeding: Reported Sign or Symptom in Infant or Effect on Lactation: Lead: Possible neurotoxicity. /From Table 7/
[Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs in Pediatrics 93 (1): 142 (1994)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Medical Surveillance:

... Comparative advantages of /the biological indicator/ delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in typical (variable) occupational exposure conditions included: the highest sensitivity at low and relatively high lead (Pb) exposure levels; better reflection of biologically active Pb as opposed to blood lead (particularly compared to delta-aminolevulinic acid and coproporphyrin); higher specificity compared to other indicators of Pb effect; and generally higher reliability with regard to biologically and methodologically induced variations. ...
[Telisman S et al; Int Arch Occup Environ Health 50 (4): 397-412 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Populations at Special Risk:

SRP: Law enforcement officers are subject to potential intoxication while firing weapons in an indoor firing range.
**PEER REVIEWED**

Lead toxicity is of special concern to workers, such as miners and smelters, automobile finishers, foundry and storage battery workers, typesetters, sheet metal workers, and spray painters. Lead ... may also be a contaminant in moonshine whiskey.
[Gossel, T.A., J.D. Bricker. Principles of Clinical Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press, Ltd., 1994., p. 191]**PEER REVIEWED**

Probable Routes of Human Exposure:

... MOST SEVERE HAZARD OCCURS IN SPRAYING OF MOLTEN LEAD ... GRINDING OR POWER SANDING ... SOLDER & POURING OF LEADED IRON & STEEL ... MIXING & WEIGHING OF LEAD POWDERS.
[Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p. 173]**PEER REVIEWED**

PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES WITH OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ... ARE LEAD SMELTING & REFINING, STORAGE BATTERY MANUFACTURE, WELDING & STEEL CUTTING & PRINTING. HIGHEST EXPOSURES ... OCCUR IN SMELTING & REFINING OF LEAD. MOLTEN LEAD & LEAD ALLOYS ARE BROUGHT TO HIGH TEMP, RESULTING IN VAPORIZATION OF LEAD.
[IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 345 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

Emergency Medical Treatment:

Antidote and Emergency Treatment:

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lead and related cmpds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 356]**PEER REVIEWED**

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Use hyperventilation to help control increased intracranial pressure. Start an IV with lactated Ringer's to support vital signs. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lead and related cmpds/
[Bronstein, A.C., P.L. Currance; Emergency Care for Hazardous Materials Exposure. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO. Mosby Lifeline. 1994., p. 357]**PEER REVIEWED**

The treatment of lead poisoning is based on the prompt termination of exposure and on the use of chelating agents. The first requirement is categoric. The second is determined by the severity of poisoning; at present, the greatest issue is whether a symptomatic patients should be treated or not. The most commonly used therapeutic chelating agents are CaEDTA, BAL, and D-penicillamine can be given ... . /SRP: DMSA should also be considered./ It is not easy to judge which method is superior. ... /Lead/
[Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine-Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc, 1988., p. 563]**PEER REVIEWED**

Animal Toxicity Studies:

Evidence for Carcinogenicity:

CLASSIFICATION: B2; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Sufficient animal evidence. Ten rat bioassays and one mouse assay have shown statisticlly significant increases in renal tumors with dietary and subcutaneous exposure to several soluble lead salts. Animal assays provide reproducible resu