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The following household chemical and product list is just the tip of the iceburg of potential sources of poor indoor air quality in your home. The average house contains thousands of indoor air pollutants which consist of biological pollutants (such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi), chemical gases such as Radon, and other hazardous substances from numerous household products. This page lists ingredients and hazards for over 100 Household products which are a major source of these Volatile Organic Chemicals. Particles and residues also result from these household products and many other chemical sources that are part of your home's structure and contents.
An effective home air purifier and ventillation are two of the three main ways to improve indoor air quality. However, source control (the third primary method) is grossly neglected by most home owners particularly with regards to household chemical toxins. This guide to household chemicals will enable you to identify the sources of chemical indoor air pollutants such as VOCs plus give you tips on safe usage, storage, and disposal. We will also introduce household chemical alternatives which may be much cheaper, more effective, natural, non-toxic, and non-hazardous.
Many of the household chemicals and products listed in the chart below are not needed; even worse, the use of some of them result in health and environmental costs which far outweigh their benefits. But guess what?..most of us have most of those products in our homes and maybe a couple hundred more. Bottles, cans, boxes, and bags of household chemicals are carelessly stockpiled in our crawlspaces, basements, attics, bathrooms, garages, kitchens, tool sheds, laundry rooms, bedrooms, and closets. It's chemical "over kill", literally.
When one becomes aware of the toxic ingredients in many common household products it should be a "no-brainer" to determine that the cost to benefit of using and manufacturing them is highly detrimental. Considering the resultant hazardous waste generation (such as when household chemicals are manufactured or disposed of) it seems obvious that solving one problem (such as stripping paint or cleaning the oven) often begets worse problems, no matter how gradual, chronic, or belated they might be. Nevertheless, most people assume the government will protect them and thus mistakenly think that as a result household chemicals are more benign or safer than industrial chemicals. THEY ARE WRONG! An "out of sight, out of mind" mentallity about the resultant industrial pollution and health risks is dangerous given that household chemicals and industrial chemicals are often one in the same as far as risk to environment, health, and safety are concerned.
Given this misunderstanding it is no wonder our homes are filled with thousands of the same toxic substances that strongly correlate to lung disease...Why?...Well it all goes back to marketing and education.
"GALLAXY GLUE...GALLAXY GLUE...WHAT WOULD WE DO WITHOUT GALLAXY GLUE???
GALLAXY GLUE...GALLAXY GLUE...THE WORLD WOULD GO TO PIECES WITHOUT GALLAXY GLUE!!!"
Lyrics from the theme song of The Incredible Shrinking Woman - 1981 Staring Lily Tomlin, Charles Grodin, Ned Beatty, John Glover and Elizabeth Wilson, and directed by Joel Schumacher.
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Household Chemicals and the Coming Human Storm
Learn how household chemical products are but one facet to the biggest dilema facing mankind and how Hurricane Katrina was a tempest in a teapot foreshadowing much darker clouds on the horizon of civilization - a scientific editorial perspective. |
Persuasive marketing downplays the chemical costs to us and the environment while emphasizing the hyped up benefits, all for the bottom line. Can you say "conflict of interest"?! At the same time consumers' ambivalence about chemical dangers is taken advantage of by corporations using potent chemical ingredients as tools to create an ever more complex line of marketable household products to fullfill demand bred of our "quick-fix" mentallities. We are literally being cross-merchandised to death with regards to household chemical sales. Corporate marketing has been very successful at "brainwashing" consumers into believing that they need a specific product for a specific job. Buying a specific household product to clean the toilet or shower or oven or automobile or deck is ludicrous when in fact one product may work for most cleaning jobs throughout the house.
Our extensive Household Product Manufacturer Directory with contacts to the 354 biggest companies and which of over 6,000 specific products they each make will give you a good idea as to just how well manufacturers have infiltrated our homes. How many branded toxic "trade secrets" are in your cabinets?
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In 2000, nearly 20,000 children were
exposed to or poisoned by household chlorine bleach. |
Unfortunately for the ecosystem, our health, and future generations' health, under the current state of affairs most of us will remain "chemical Hobgobblins". We will continue to slowly but surely poison ourselves at every turn. The scientists and government agencies know that Cancer is now an epidemic, with 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women likely to get some form of cancer at some point in their lifetimes. Asthma and allergy cases have also mushroomed in the last 20 years, making for an epidemic of their own. Part of the reason is no-doubt because we are bombarded with chemicals from all fronts, food, water, and air. It's too bad we as a species are typically REACTIONARY rather than PROACTIONARY, unless of course there arises a capital force to make pre-emption profitable. Usually we end up learning the hard way via our mistakes; trial and error as they say. We're in that phase right now with regards to pollution, indoor and otherwise.
 The really sad fact is that a governement of, by, and for the corporations plus powerful special interest and industry lobbyists are severly retarding the learning curve with regards to consumers' education about household chemical hazards and many other hazards for that matter. Even as levels of hundreds of toxic man-made chemicals (many of the same ones discussed below) continue to rise in each and every one of our bloodstreams, autism quintuples, cancer marches on, and birthdefects mount - the corporate marketing machines are spinning out their propaganda harder than ever. They wouldn't want the ugly truth getting in the way of their herds of cash cows enthusiastically and conspicuously consuming the "Koolaid", now would they? (I hope you can detect my sarcasm here?)
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So why are our bloodstreams contaminated with toxic chemicals? Well let's look at where you spend most of your time and where most of the chemical sources are that we come in contact with via air, food, or water - yes, you guessed it, YOUR HOME! Most of our humble abodes are extremely over-loaded with hazardous household chemicals (to the delight of chemical manufacturers), most of which perpetually "leak" volatile gases and other nasty residues into your indoor air. Many of these household chemical products contain the very same toxic waste components found in the majority of Superfund waste sites (and that's no coincidence). SO LET'S KICK YOUR HOUSEHOLD CHEMICAL ADDICTION! It's not too late, your body is equipped to repair SOME of the damage. You just have to let it. Ending the household chemical legacy and creating a healthy home environment will pay immeasurable dividends for you and your family.
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In Case of
Emergency
You can reach your local Poison Control Center by calling (800) 222-1222 from anywhere in the country. Put this number
next to all of your telephones and where you store your hazardous chemicals and products. |
To get you started on your journey toward elliminating sources of chemical indoor air pollutants in your home we compiled the below chart which has over 100 of the most common household chemical sources. First, identify the problems in your home using the below chart. Then, once you've learned of all the dangerous household chemicals in your home, you may want to discover how you can elliminate some of them completely (where practical). You may be interested in this extensive collection of Homemade Household Products for safe and frugal living. That is one of the most extensive guides on the internet for quick and easy recipes for making your own non-toxic home-made cleaners and other homemade products. These home-brew household cleaners are CHEAP, SIMPLE, NATURAL, SAFE, AND EFFECTIVE.
Now on to the chart! Let's kick those corporate cattle drivers to the curve!
Examples of household products and household chemicals that contain toxic ingredients that may be absorbed, ingested, or inhaled:
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Acetone is used in paint, varnish, solvents, and cleaning fluids and is
the primary chemical agent used in many nail polish removers. It is an
irritant with a characteristic sweet odor. If inhaled, cough and bronchial irritation, along with depressed respirations, may occur. Skin
contact can cause peeling and splitting of nails and skin rashes.
Visit Our Complete Guide to Acetone for extensive health and MSDS information about the specific Brands containg Acetone, the sources, the occupations, and diseases associated with Acetone.
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Acids are found in several household cleaning compounds, pool chemicals,
solvents, wet cell batteries, and radiator flushers and cleaners. Acids,
which have a pH range of 0 to 6.9, may be corrosive and produce severe burns
on contact. Vinegar, which contains four to six percent acetic acid, is
generally considered nontoxic.
Skin contact with acid may produce severe pain and risk of secondary infection
and scarring. Chronic skin exposure to acids may cause mild irritation,
dermatitis, or roughened skin. Inhalation of fumes may produce nose and throat
irritation, coughing, chest pain, and even pulmonary edema. The onset of
symptoms following inhalation of vapors may be delayed for several hours.
When working with household products containing acids, wear protective gloves.
Make sure the ventilation is adequate. Refer to the specific product for
disposal recommendations.
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Aerosol sprays (e.g., furniture polish, deodorant, and air freshener)
contain an active ingredient and a liquid or gaseous propellant that
is packed under at least 40 pounds of pressure per square inch.
These pressurized aerosol containers are explosive and may
be flammable. The actual product propelled by the aerosol,
such as some oven cleaners, can be corrosive or poisonous, therefore
requiring great care.
Aerosol sprays should be used with care. The fine particles emitted from
aerosol sprays are easily breathed deeply into the lungs and
quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. Thus, a chemical
that is harmless to your skin may become extremely
dangerous if inhaled as a mist. Acute symptoms include
headache, nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, eye
and throat irritation, skin rash, burns, lung inflammation,
and liver damage. If spray is misdirected, chemical burns
and eye injury can also occur. Intentionally inhaling
aerosol gases for kicks, sometimes called "sniffing" or
"huffing," has resulted in the death of several young
Americans.
An aerosol container should never be heated significantly
above room temperature because it can explode. Storage of cans in
direct sunlight, car trunks, and near furnaces, stoves, and ovens can
result in explosion. When heated, aerosol gases can turn
into toxic gases including fluorine, chlorine, chloride or
hydrogen fluoride, or phosgene (military nerve gas).
Breathing these vapors can be very harmful to you.
Significant environmental impact from aerosol sprays led
to alterations in their design. Several of the Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that
have been used in aerosol sprays in the past reacted with and reduced
the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Reduction in the
ozone layer and the resulting rise in ultraviolet radiation
reaching the earth can result in increased rates of skin
cancer, skin aging, eye damage, and Vitamin D poisoning.
Before buying or using aerosol sprays, weigh their
convenience against their potential health and environmental
hazards.
Use: Consider alternatives to
aerosol sprays, including alternative methods of application. If you
are using an aerosol spray, try not to breathe the released particles;
stand out of the way of the mist and make certain the mist is being blown
away from you. (An exception to this advice is for bronchial or asthma
medication dispensed by aerosol spray.)
Storage: Do not store near heat or
flames. Keep away from children.
Disposal: If the aerosol can is empty, dispose of it in the trash bound for the landfill. Aerosol cans burned in
trash barrels can explode, scattering propellant and
product.
If ingredients are left in the can the best thing to do is to use the product
up as intended. If you must dispose of an aerosol can that isn't empty,
discharge the contents of the container into a deep cardboard box outdoors,
and allow it to dry. When the can is empty, it and the cardboard box can be
thrown in the trash. If you discharge the contents be
very careful: Do not spray near children, animals, or areas of human contact
such as playgrounds or gardens. Avoid inhaling the vapors.
Alternatives: For the most part,
aerosol sprays are no more effective than pouring, wiping, brushing, or
dusting. Try to purchase products in pump spray, roll-on, liquid, or
non-aerosol spray. Spray guns may be desirable in a case where you want to
cover a large surface evenly.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS - When released into the air, destroys the ozone layer in the
earth's upper atmosphere. No longer used in aerosol products manufactured
in the USA.
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Air fresheners work in one of the following four ways: by interfering with
your ability to smell by way of a nerve-deadening agent; by coating your
nasal passages with an undetectable oil film; by covering up one smell with
another; and (rarely) by breaking down the offensive odor. Despite their
name, air fresheners do little to freshen the air. Aerosol fresheners can be
harmful to lungs if inhaled in high concentrations or for prolonged periods
of time. Solid fresheners may be poisonous if eaten by children or pets.
Use: If freshener is in aerosol form,
do not breathe fumes. Avoid skin contact. Use only in well-ventilated areas.
Storage: Keep out of the reach of
children and pets. Store away from heat or flame.
Disposal: It is best to use up air
freshener as it was intended. For unwanted portions of solid air freshener,
allow to evaporate by exposing it to the air.
Alternatives: There are several
nontoxic ways to freshen the air in your home.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and possible effects:
Formaldehyde - A suspected carcinogen and a strong irritant to the eyes, throat,
skin and lungs
PETROLEUM DISTILLATES - Irritates skin, eyes, respiratory tract; may cause fatal
pulmonary edema; flammable
P-DICHLOROBENZENE - Vapor irritating to skin, eyes and throat, causes liver damage in animal studies
AEROSOL PROPELLANTS - Either associated with brain damage or highly flammable
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Alkalies are commonly found in bleach, Ammonia automatic dishwashing detergent,
low phosphate detergents, drain cleaners, oven cleaners, lime, color wave hair
preparations, depilatories, alkaline disk batteries, Clinitest tablets for home
glucose testing, and wet cement.
Alkalies, also called bases, all have a pH range of 7.1 to 14.0. The corrosive
effects of alkaline chemicals usually occur rapidly, sometimes with exposures
as short as one second. Severe skin irritation and burns can occur from skin
contact. Inhalation of fumes from alkalies may cause watering of the eyes,
sneezing, coughing, choking, shortness of breath, and inflammation and
irritation from the nose to lungs.
When working with household products that are alkaline or contain alkalies, wear
gloves to protect your skin. Make sure ventilation is adequate. For disposal
recommendations, see the specific product such as drain cleaner.
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The ingredients in all-purpose cleaners are a combination
of detergents, grease cutting agents, and possibly
solvents and disinfectants.
These products may contain one or more of the following hazardous
ingredients: Ammonia, ethylene glycol monobutyl acetate, sodium
hypochlorite, and trisodium phosphate. Depending upon the ingredients
contained in the particular cleaner, they can be mildly to extremely
irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, and throat, and corrosive if swallowed.
Chronic irritation may occur from repeated use.
Do not mix ammonia-based cleaners with bleach-based cleaners. Hazardous
fumes will result! Cleaners that contain phosphates present a
water pollution hazard.
Use: Wear gloves. Make sure that the
ventilation is adequate. Do not mix different cleaners together as toxic
fumes may result.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
AMMONIA - Fumes irritate eyes and lungs; can cause burns or rashes on skin;
can produce deadly chloramine gas if mixed with chlorine containing
products
ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOBUTYL ACETATE - Poisons animals, who are attracted to sweet smell; can cause damage
to internal organs through skin absorption; inhalation can cause
dizziness
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE - Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes; fumes irritating
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Many aluminum cleaners contain hydrofluoric acid which is extremely corrosive
and toxic. Hydrofluoric acid is extremely dangerous!
Upon contact, it destroys the flesh down to the bone as the
fluoride ion continues to act until it is neutralized by a calcium store.
The pain from burns may be delayed for several minutes to several hours,
depending upon concentration. During this time, the acid in the aluminum
cleaner can burn deeply into the tissue, causing severe burns and possible
damage to muscles, ligaments, and bone. Low concentrations in the eyes can
cause intense irritation; high concentrations, immediate blindness.
I can attest to the extreme dangers of Hydrofluoric Acid because we use it on a daily basis in our Inorganic labs. Hydrofluoric Acid and Fluoboric or Fluoroboric Acid are some of the few acids which will dissolve the silica and alumina based chemical catalysts we analyze. We take special precuations when using Hydrofluoric Acid because unlike the other acids we use, if enough Hydrofluoric Acid contacts the skin it can be deadly! Many have died from relatively small skin surface area exposure to Hydrofluoric Acid. It's an extremely painful way to die!
Throughout our labs we have easily accessible vials of Calcium Gluconate which is a cream to be immediately applied upon any skin contact with Hydrofluoric Acid. Calcium Gluconate quenches the reaction of Hydrofluoric Acid with the body's calcium. It's an essential item to have around when using Hydrofluoric Acid because if exposure to Hydrofluoric Acid occurs a pernicious chain reaction ensues which affects tissue and blood eventually resulting in severe damage and likely death.
Because our labs use this deadly acid on a daily basis we have notified the authorities so they can be prepared in the event of an emergency due to Hydrofluoric Acid exposure. The local emergency responce teams, our own first responder emergency management teams, and the local hospitals have all been equipped with special injectable antidotes and the Calcium Gluconate cream which counteract the effects of Hydrofluoric Acid exposure.
STAY AWAY FROM HYDROFLUORIC ACID FOLKS!!! IT'S A KILLER!!!
Use:
Do not use products with hydrofluoric acid. If the aluminum cleaner
ingredients are not on the label, you cannot assume hydrofluoric acid is not
in the product. If you are using a product which contains this ingredient,
protect all exposed skin in addition to wearing protective gloves, safety
goggles, and a respirator with an acid gas cartridge.
Storage: Store away from children.
Disposal: If aluminum cleaner is in
liquid form take it to a household hazardous waste collection. If collection
is not available, then flush down the drain with plenty of water. If you are on
a septic tank or lagoon, dispose of small quantities over a number of days.
If cleaner is in solid paste form and has completely hardened, it may then
be thrown in the trash destined for the landfill.
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Ammonia, a colorless gas or liquid with a sharp irritating odor, can be
found in household cleaners, wax removers, glass and window cleaners, and
oven cleaners. In strong concentrations, such as may be found in commercial
products, ammonia vapors and liquids can be corrosive causing severe burns
and irritation to the skin, eyes, and lungs. Household ammonia contains 5-10%
ammonia and is considered to be an irritant rather than a corrosive hazard.
Vapors, even in low concentrations, can cause severe eye, lung, and
skin irritation. Chronic irritation may occur if ammonia is used over long
periods of time.
Do not mix ammonia with chlorine bleach or bleach
products! When ammonia and bleach are mixed, a chloramine gas
results which can cause coughing, loss of voice, feeling of burning and
suffocation, and even death.
Ammonia inhalers are sometimes mistaken by children for candy. These inhalers
or smelling salts will cause burns to the lips and mouth if chewed.
Use: Wear protective gloves, safety
goggles, and a respirator with an ammonia cartridge. Use ammonia only in
well-ventilated areas where there is plenty of fresh air.
Storage: Store away from children.
Disposal: Empty containers can be thrown
in the trash. It is best to use up the product as intended, but if
you must dispose of an unused portion, flush down the drain with plenty of
water. If you are on a septic tank or lagoon, dispose of small quantities over
a number of days.
Alternatives: Vinegar, like ammonia,
will cut through grease and grime but without the irritation produced by
ammonia and ammonia vapors.
For much more specific information about ammonia sources, ammonia toxicology, ammonia MSDS, ammonia FAQs, and public health information please visit our Extensive Guide to Ammonia.
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The primary danger associated with ammunition is
accidental discharge, especially when children of any
age view ammunition as something to play with. For
example, pounding on a bullet with a hammer to break it
open and see what is inside or throwing ammunition into
a fire can lead to accidental discharge.
Use:
Treat weapons with respect. Be certain that the
ammunition used is the proper size for the firearm.
Storage: Keep away from
children. Store in a cool, dry place away from heat or flame.
Disposal:
Call your local Fire Department or Sheriff's
office. They may be able to collect and properly dispose
of your unwanted ammunition and fireworks.
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What is it?
Cleaners are used to remove dirt. Antibacterial cleaners remove dirt and kill bacteria. Bacteria are organisms too small to see with just your eyes. Some bacteria cause diseases or make you sick. Others do not.
Antibacterial cleaners come in a spray can or pump bottle container. They are commonly used in the kitchen to clean things that come in contact with food, like cutting boards and counter tops. Keeping these areas clean will help prevent harmful bacteria from contaminating your food. It is especially important to clean areas that come in contact with raw meats. Raw meats can also carry bacteria. Use an antibacterial kitchen cleaner or wash the area with hot soapy water.
If cleaning the kitchen you may be using antibacterial cleaners to do the job. If so, you need to be sure to always read the label first to know how to properly use these products and for safety information.
What's in it?
Antibacterial cleaners usually contain water, a fragrance, a surfactant, and a pesticide. The surfactant breaks up the dirt, the pesticide kills the bacteria, the fragrance makes it smell good and the water holds the cleaner together. In antibacterial cleaners the pesticides are commonly quaternary ammonium or phenolic chemicals. They are known as antimicrobial pesticides.
What health and safety things do you need to think about with antibacterial cleaners?
Antibacterial cleaners are very irritating to your eyes and skin and will burn your throat. It's a good idea to wear latex dishwashing gloves to help protect your skin when using these cleaners. If you get some on the cleaner on your skin or in your eyes, wash it off immediately.
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Antifreeze contains ethylene glycol which is poisonous when ingested. Ingestion
may result in depression followed by respiratory and cardiac failure, kidney
damage and brain damage. Manufacturers of antifreeze are required to clearly
post dangers on the label and provide a childproof cap, which minimizes the
danger of accidental ingestion by children. However, antifreeze when improperly
disposed of can endanger the health of pets. Each year, thousands of dogs and
cats are poisoned by discarded or leaking antifreeze. The sweet taste of
antifreeze attracts pets who lap up puddles of antifreeze they find. To prevent
this danger, wash down or absorb puddles of antifreeze with an absorbent
material such as kitty litter and dispose of the absorbent in the trash.
Use: Follow label directions. Never heat
antifreeze. This would release toxic fumes.
Storage: Store away from heat and in a
well-ventilated area. Keep away from children and pets.
Disposal: The major components of antifreeze
can be broken down by organisms in a sewage treatment plant. If your home is
connected to a sanitary or municipal sewer system, household quantities of
antifreeze can be flushed down the drain with plenty of water. The solution is
not so easy for those homes with a septic tank because antifreeze can overwhelm
the organisms in your septic system, causing damage to the system. If your
wastewater goes into a septic tank, very small amounts over a period of time
can be flushed with plenty of water. Better yet, ask a friend, relative, or
neighbor who is hooked up to the sanitary sewer system to use their drain to
dispose of your household quantity of used antifreeze.
Do not pour antifreeze into storm sewer openings, sinkholes, or
abandoned wells where they will directly pollute the water.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENT and Possible Effects:
ETHYLENE GLYCOL - Poisons animals, who are attracted to the sweet smell; can cause damage
to internal organs through skin absorption; inhalation can cause dizziness.
There is a new type of antifreeze available that contains PROPYLENE GLYCOL. Propylene glycol is much less toxic than ethylene glycol. An animal would have to consume a lot more of this type of antifreeze, a quantity that is unlikely to be available, to get sick or to die. The bottle's label should tell you what is type of antifreeze it is.
Some people who have vacation homes that they "close up" for the winter will pour antifreeze into toilets so the water doesn't freeze. In this case, these people should always use the less toxic antifreeze (the ones with propylene glycol in it) because pets can drink out of toilets and can become poisoned.
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Arsenic is a highly toxic, naturally occurring grayish-
white element used as a poison in pesticides and herbicides.
Arsenic is also found as an ingredient in pigments
and wood preservatives. Arsenic contained in wolmanized
lumber will not release toxic compounds unless
burned. Some treated lumber contains Arsenic in the form of Copper Chromated Arsenate.
Arsenic can be harmful through inhalation, absorption
through skin and mucous membranes, skin contact, and
ingestion. Accidental poisoning can occur through
breathing fumes, licking paintbrushes to a point when
using pigments containing arsenic, or from wearing
inadequate clothing when applying arsenic-based products.
Effects of mild poisoning from inhalation include
loss of appetite, nausea, and diarrhea. Effects of more
severe chronic or acute exposure include skin lesions,
skin rash, chronic headaches, apathy, garlic odor on
breath, a metallic taste in the mouth, a bronzing pigment
of the skin resembling "raindrops on a dusty road," and
possible damage to the liver. Arsenic and arsenic compounds
are known cancer-causing agents and have been implicated
in lung and skin cancer and associated with birth defects.
For much more specific information about Arsenic sources, Arsenic toxicology, Arsenic MSDS, Arsenic FAQs, and public health information please visit our Extensive Guide to Arsenic.
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The "Labeling of Hazardous Art Materials Act" of 1988
required that any art and craft materials that present a
chronic hazard bear a WARNING statement of the hazard, and
an additional warning that it is inappropriate for use by
children. The Law directed the Consumer Product Safety
Commission to set guidelines determining whether arts and
crafts present chronic long-term hazards to both adults and
children. All arts and crafts materials must identify the
hazardous ingredients, provide guidelines for safe use,
identify that the product complies with Federal law, and
provide a telephone number for the consumer to request
additional information. This information must appear on the
label, the packaging, or the display for the product.
Although this law has been in effect for nearly ten years,
there are still products on the market, especially imported
art products, which are not in compliance.
Permanent felt-tip markers, rubber cement, spray
fixatives, powdered clay, and instant papier-mache are
standard arts and crafts supplies found in many homes.
All of these materials contain chemicals that are hazardous
if inhaled, absorbed, or swallowed. Children are
especially prone to mishandling, chewing, sucking,
inhaling, or swallowing art materials and decorating their
hands and faces with them.
The Arts & Crafts Materials Institute has successfully
sponsored a certification program, certifying that products
are nontoxic and meet quality and performance
standards. Products in their certification program which
have earned the CP (certified product)
or AP (approved product)
seal include crayons, water colors, tempera
colors, finger paints, chalks, modeling materials, block
printing inks and media, drawing inks and media, etching
inks and media, screen printing inks and media, school
pastes and adhesives, acrylic and oil paints and media,
marking crayons, and other art materials. Products
bearing the AP seal are nontoxic even if ingested. Those
bearing the CP seal are nontoxic even if ingested and
meet or exceed specific quality standards of material,
workmanship, working qualities, and color. Products
without these seals but which state they are "nontoxic"
indicate only that the product is not acutely toxic and
may still make a person sick if swallowed.
An excellent source on toxic arts and crafts information
is a data sheet entitled "Children's Art Supplies Can Be
Toxic," published by the Center for Occupational Hazards.
To obtain a copy, send a self-addressed, stamped
envelope with your request to 5 Beekman Street, New
York, NY 10038.
Use:
Carefully read labels to identify products which
are certified and approved by the Arts and Crafts Materials
Institute. A list of these products can be obtained
from the Institute, free of charge, by sending a self addressed,
stamped envelope and request to 715 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116.
Refrain from eating or drinking while using these
products and wash your hands thoroughly when finished.
Alternatives:
In order to choose safe art supplies to
keep at home, for school projects, or just for fun, consider the following
tips:
AVOID... powdered tempera paints, pastels, chalks, or dry markers
that create dust.
SUBSTITUTE WITH: natural dyes, such as dyes made from vegetables, onions skins,
tea, flowers, and other food dyes
AVOID... instant paper-mache (may contain asbestos fibers and Lead from
pigments in colored printing inks)
SUBSTITUTE WITH: paper-mache made from black-and-white newspaper and library paste,
white paste, or flour and water paste
AVOID... aerosol sprays
SUBSTITUTE WITH: brushes and water-based paints in splatter techniques
AVOID... oil-based paintss, turpentine, Benzene, Toluene, and rubber cement
and its thinner
SUBSTITUTE WITH: water-based paints, glues, inks, etc.
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Goto our Complete Guide to Asbestos for complete information about Asbestos including extensive MSDS information, list of specific product brands with Asbestos, jobs, symptoms, and case studies of asbestos exposure.
If you encounter asbestos or suspect asbestos hazards these asbestos tips may also help.
Asbestos is a naturally occurring group of minerals
that are flexible, fire resistant, and virtually indestructible.
Many hundreds of products contain asbestos fibers.
Some general categories are insulation, asbestos cements,
fireproofing, fireproof clothing, floor tiles, pipes, brake
and clutch linings, pot holders, ironing board pads, hair
dryers, and textured paint. In the recent past, some uses
have been banned: spraying asbestos-containing materials
(1973); certain pipe coverings (1975); some patching
compounds and artificial fireplace logs (1977); spray-on
asbestos decorations (1978); and hair dryers containing
asbestos (1979).
In most products, asbestos is combined with a binding
material. However, if the tiny asbestos fibers do become
airborne and inhaled, they can remain in the lungs and
may cause severe health problems that do not appear
until many years later. There is no known safe exposure
level to asbestos. Asbestos toxicity surfaces only after a
long latent period. The respiratory tract is the usual target
organ. Asbestosis and asbestos-related cancers such as Mesothelioma
are the two main categories of asbestos disease.
Do not dust, sweep, or vacuum particles
suspected of containing asbestos. This will disturb tiny asbestos
fibers, causing them to become airborne and easily inhaled.
Products containing asbestos are not often labeled as such. For information
on whether a product contains asbestos, contact the manufacturer, ask
people who have worked with asbestos (such as asbestos handlers, plumbers,
building contractors, or heating contractors), or contact the United
States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, 1-800-638-2772).
Any material containing asbestos should not be
disturbed unless necessary. If you think a product contains
asbestos and you must disturb it, find a contractor trained in safe
procedures for handling asbestos.
For further information concerning asbestos, contact
the CPSC, American Lung Association or your local
office of the State Department of Health.
Vermiculite insulation mined in Libby Montana in the 1990s and known by the brand name Zonolite has also been proven to contain dangerous levels of Asbestos contamination and may have been placed in millions of U.S. home attics! An indictment has been brought against the manufacturer, W. R. Grace and Company, and the whole vermiculite insulation fiasco has been called the worst case of widespread public exposure to a hazardous material in history! For all the details, pictures, and resources about the public health crisis, visit our guide to vermiculite insulation. In some cases homes have been completely contaminated with Asbestos fibers resulting from the Asbestos tainted Vermiculite insulation.
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In the paving and roofing trades, a tar or asphalt is
applied in a hot liquid form that cools into a semi-solid
covering. Asphalt is a residue of petroleum refining. Tar
is produced by distillation of coal, oil, lignite, peat, or
wood. Inhalation of hot asphalt fumes can cause eye and
respiratory tract irritation, headaches, nausea, and
nervousness. Skin exposure to hot tar can cause serious
burns. Wear protective gloves.
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Automatic transmission fluid, used to pull the clutch and lubricate automobile
transmissions, is mainly composed of mineral oil. Automatic transmission fluid
is flammable at high temperatures and relatively nontoxic unless swallowed and
aspirated (sucked into lungs during swallowing or vomiting).
Used automatic transmission oil contains environmentally toxic heavy metals
including Lead. The heavy metal in used fluid can cause severe nervous system
damage to wildlife and other animals if disposed of improperly.
Use: When draining fluid wear gloves and
avoid skin contact.
Storage: Store used transmission fluid in
a plastic container with a tight-fitting lid. Clearly mark what is in the
container and store on a high shelf out of the reach of children and pets.
Disposal: If not contaminated with other
products, used and unused automatic transmission fluid may be accepted
for recycling at local service stations that also accept used motor oil or at
the highway transportation department. Ask first before dumping the used fluid
into an oil collection tank because some centers may not accept it. Carry the
transmission fluid in a plastic container with a tight-fitting lid or, if the
fluid is unused, in its original container.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
GLYCOLS - Some compounds cause kidney damage
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Dry cell and disc or button batteries are used in flash lights, radios, hearing
aids, watches, cameras, calculators, toys, and other items in the home. These
batteries may contain zinc, Lead, alkalines, Mercury, nickel, cadmium, silver,
and electrolytes. If batteries leak or explode the chemical substances contained
in these batteries can cause internal and external burns and irritation.
Batteries which explode can spew their contents on unsuspecting victims.
There are two primary reasons that batteries explode: if an attempt is made
to recharge nonrechargeable batteries, gases may build up and generate enough
pressure to explode the battery; and batteries which are thrown into a fire,
burned in a barrel, or otherwise incinerated can explode. Batteries which are
chewed on or punctured can also leak.
Discarding batteries poses a clear environmental danger. Batteries contain heavy
metals, such as silver, nickel, cadmium, lead, mercury, lithium, manganese, and
zinc, which can accumulate and concentrate in waterlife, wildlife, and humans.
An example of the danger posed by batteries is that one mercury battery contained
in six tons of garbage exceeds the allowable limit for mercury in solid waste as
established by the federal government.
Use: Keep batteries away from children.
Do not, under any circumstances, put disc
batteries into your mouth. They are slippery and easily swallowed.
Storage: Keep away from flames and out of
the reach of children.
Disposal: Mercury-oxide and silver-oxide
button batteries are often collected by jewelers, pharmacies, and hearing aid
stores who sell them to companies that reclaim the metals. Many communities
across the United States are separating batteries from their waste
stream and contracting with companies to provide recycling, neutralization,
or proper disposal. Alkaline, carbon-zinc, and lithium batteries do not have
a ready market available at present. Some recycling companies have recently
started accepting nickel-cadmium batteries and are willing to provide
collection containers and pay for bulk transportation to the processor and
recycling facilities.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
NICKEL - Causes dermatitis, sensitizer
CADMIUM - Damages kidneys and lungs
Mercury - Toxic mercury vapor can damage brain and nervous system
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Automobile, boats, and tractor batteries are wet cell
batteries which contain Lead and a solution of sulfuric
acid. When activated, the electrolyte solution in the
battery produces explosive gases which are easily
ignited. Manufacturers of batteries containing sulfuric
acid must use labels which warn consumers of the
dangers from battery acid and accumulated gases.
Sulfuric acid is extremely caustic. Fumes are strongly
irritating, and contact can cause burning and charring of
the skin; it is exceedingly dangerous to eyes. Lead is
poisonous in all forms and accumulates in our bodies
and in the environment.
Use: Wear protective gloves. Do not get
battery acid on you or your clothing. If you do, wash your hands or body
immediately and put baking soda on your clothes where the battery acid splashed.
Do not attempt to neutralize acids on
the skin or when swallowed. Flushing with or drinking sodium bicarbonate creates thermal
heat from the acid base reaction, causing further injury. Do not stand by an
uncapped battery while the motor is running; it can splash on you. After
touching a battery, wash hands thoroughly before touching eyes or mouth.
Keep all sources of flames, including cigarettes, away from batteries.
Storage: Store away from children,
especially curious children who might want to break open the battery to see
what is inside. Keep away from all sources of sparks, including flames. Store
under a tarp or in a covered area.
Disposal: Recycle used batteries! Improper
disposal of batteries presents an environmental hazard. It is important and easy
to dispose of batteries by recycling them and it is usually possible to trade
in old batteries where you purchase new ones. To locate the recycler nearest to
you, look up "Batteries" in the Yellow Pages of the phone book. Depending upon
the market place, you may get a small amount of money for your recycled battery,
but the fact that you do not have to pay to dispose of this highly hazardous
waste makes it a bargain to recycle batteries.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
SULFURIC ACID - Corrosive, causes severe skin burns, and can cause blindness
LEAD - Causes nerve and kidney damage, suspected carcinogen
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Benzene is a highly flammable, highly toxic, aromatic
petroleum distillate product which is a colorless to light
yellow liquid with a pleasant odor. In 1978 the Consumer
Product Safety Commission banned the use of benzene
in many household products. However, it may still be
found in some varnishes, paint and varnish removers,
airplane glue, nail polish remover, pesticides, and lacquers,
and as a solvent for waxes, resins, and oils. It is also used
as an anti-knock agent in Gasoline.
Visit Our Complete Guide to Benzene for everything you could ever want to know about the hazards of Benzene.
Benzene is highly flammable and poisonous when
ingested or inhaled. It is irritating to mucous membranes.
Avoid skin contact and fumes. Harmful amounts may be
absorbed through the skin and may cause sensitivity to
light, producing skin rashes and swelling. Inhalation of
fumes can be acutely or chronically toxic.
Benzene is a carcinogen. For more than a century, scientists have
known that benzene is a powerful bone marrow poison,
destroying the bone marrow's ability to produce blood
cells. Environmental Exposure to organic solvents such as Benzene and other petroleum products
have been associated with a higher risk of developing Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia is the most common form of myeloid leukemia in adults
(chronic lymphocytic leukemia is the most common form of leukemia in adults overall).
In contrast, acute myeloid leukemia is an uncommon variant of leukemia in children.
The median age at diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia is 65 years of age, and approximately 9,000 individuals
are affected by Acute Myelogenous Leukemia in the United States annually.
Workers exposed to certain chemicals, such as benzene, over a long period of time are at a higher risk for AML. Specific chromosomal aberrations, including the 8:21 translocation associated with AML, have been detected in the white blood cells of benzene workers before the detection of leukemia. Workers in the petroleum industry prior to 1960 appeared to have an increased incidence of AML, but more recent studies have not shown this. This change may represent better and safer working conditions. The incidence of AML is increased in areas of high automobile density, possibly as a result of exposure to benzene from gasoline. This observation is further supported by the fact that no other cancer or leukemia is increased in areas of high automobile density.
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Liquid household chlorine bleaches contain approximately 5% sodium hypochlorite solution.
When properly used, chlorine bleach can be a simple and effective disinfectant.
Chlorine bleach liquid and vapors are irritating to the skin, eyes, nose,
and throat. Dermatitis may result from direct skin contact. Ingestion can
cause esophageal injury, stomach irritation, and prolonged nausea and
vomiting. Bleach, when mixed with acidic substances such as
Ammonia, toilet bowl cleaners, drain cleaner, or vinegar, forms
toxic gases which can cause coughing, loss of voice, a feeling of burning
and suffocation, and even death. Do not mix bleach
with other cleaners!
Use: Wear protective gloves. Use only
in well-ventilated areas with plenty of fresh air.
Storage: Store in a well-ventilated
area and away from children.
Disposal: Use up as intended. To
dispose of unwanted portions, flush down the drain with plenty of water.
If you are on a septic tank or lagoon, dispose of small quantities over a
number of days.
Alternatives: For household
disinfecting, borax is an option. For bleaching clothes, oxygen (dry)
bleaches work well. If you are sold on chlorine bleach, reduce the
amount of liquid bleach used in your wash.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
CHLORINE - Fumes highly irritating to eyes and respiratory tract;
causes deadly chloramine gas if mixed with ammonia
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HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
GLYCOLS - Some compounds cause kidney damage
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Camphor is a colorless or a white crystal granule or cake product obtained from
the wood of the camphor tree. It may also be synthetically derived. Some products
such as lotions, astringents, and moth repellents still contain camphor as an
active ingredient. In 1980, the Food and Drug Administration set a limit of 11%
allowable camphor in consumer products and totally banned products labeled as
camphorated oil, camphor oil, camphor liniment, and camphorated liniment.
Camphor, readily absorbed through the skin, produces the sensation of warmth
and slight local anesthesia. Camphor poisoning produces seizures and may be
preceded by mental confusion, irritability, neuromuscular hyperactivity, and
jerky movements of the extremities. Camphor poisoning from household products
may occur following oral ingestion. Symptoms occur five to ninety minutes
following ingestion.
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Carbon monoxide is a colorless gas which is practically
odorless, tasteless, and non-irritating. Carbon monoxide
is always formed when a fuel containing carbon is inadequately
burned with poor ventilation. Kerosene, charcoal, coal,
wood stoves, and automobile exhaust fumes are common
sources of carbon monoxide poisoning. Natural gas in the
United States does not contain
carbon monoxide, but it may form if the gas is burned without adequate
air supplies.
Carbon monoxide starves the body and brain of
oxygen. Carbon monoxide poisoning produces symptoms
ranging from headache, dizziness, flushed skin, disorientation,
troubled thinking, abnormal reflexes, shortness of breath,
fainting, and convulsions, to coma and even death. Heart
problems are also aggravated by the presence of carbon
monoxide because the heart must pump harder. Children,
persons with respiratory illness or anemia, and the aged
may be particularly sensitive. Chronic exposure to low
carbon monoxide levels impairs judgement and increases
the time required to make decisions.
If you have an attached garage, always make sure the
door to the house is closed and the garage door is open
when the car is running. If you think that you have a
problem with carbon monoxide fumes, contact your local
or state Department of Health for assistance.
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Because of its excellent solvent properties and non
flammability, carbon tetrachloride has been in use for
many decades in commercial products such as dry
cleaning solvents, grease solvents, and fire extinguishing
agents. Today it is used only in industry and as a fumigant.
In 1970, the Food and Drug Administration banned carbon
tetrachloride and any mixture containing it for use in the
home. The FDA classified carbon tetrachloride as
a substance so hazardous that no warning label could be
devised that would adequately protect the householder.
Carbon tetrachloride is a cellular toxin that produces
cellular destruction throughout the body, especially in the
liver, kidney, and central nervous system. It is toxic by all
routes of exposure: inhalation, absorption, skin contact,
and oral ingestion. Although uniquely potent, carbon
tetrachloride is in many respects representative of a
large class of related chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents.
Disposal:
If you find a product containing carbon tetrachloride, secure and hold
for professional household hazardous waste collection or give it to a
licensed hazardous waste handler.
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HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
CRESOL - Corrosive to tissue, damages liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and
spleen
METHYLENE CHLORIDE - A suspected carcinogen; vapors cause carbon monoxide accumulation in
blood
SODIUM CHROMATE - Causes contact dermatitis
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HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
PERCHLOROETHYLENE - Fumes are carcinogenic and acutely toxic, cause dizziness, sleepiness,
nausea, loss of appetite and disorientation
NAPHTHALENE - Damages liver; prolonged vapor exposure has led to cataract
formation
These ingredients are most commonly found in commercial "spot
removers", rather than water-based detergent products or rub-in
cleansing powders.
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Paste wax typically contains 75-85% petroleum naphtha and 15-25% wax. Naphtha
is flammable and an irritant that can enter your system through inhalation,
ingestion, and skin and eye contact. Skin chapping and sensitivity to light may
develop with repeated and prolonged contact.
Use: Wear protective gloves.
Storage: Make sure wax is tightly capped.
Keep out of reach of children.
Disposal: It is best to use up car wax
as intended to avoid a waste problem. If the car wax has hardened, it can be
disposed of in the trash destined for the landfill.
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a class of man-made
chemicals known by such tradenames as "Freon,"
"Genetron," and "Isotron." CFCs have been used in a wide
variety of manufacturing steps and products including as
a solvent in the electronics industry, foaming or blowing
agent, aerosol propellant, fire extinguisher agent, dry
cleaning solvent, degreasing agent, a key component in
making rigid foam insulation for houses and household
appliances, and foam packaging insulation material
(known by the trade name of "Styrofoam"). Use of CFCs has
declined as concern over their interaction with the environment
has grown.
Inhalation of high concentrations affects the nervous
and respiratory system. Initial symptoms include a
reduced ability to concentrate, dizziness, headaches, and
bronchial constriction, which may lead to sudden death.
Intentionally inhaling CFCs from aerosol cans has
resulted in the deaths of several teenagers.
Chlorofluorocarbons are highly volatile compounds,
contributing to air pollution. CFCs are unusual because
they do not break down when vaporized into the atmosphere.
Instead, they rise slowly through the atmosphere, taking
six to eight years to reach the stratosphere (the highest
layer of the earth's atmosphere). Here CFCs can reside
for more than 100 years. If global CFC production
was stopped today, we would still experience the effects
for over one hundred years.
Chlorofluorocarbons are implicated in two major
threats to the global environment: the greenhouse effect
and the reduction of the ozone layer. CFCs contribute to
the greenhouse effect, warming the atmosphere by trapping
heat which is then radiated back into the atmosphere.
CFCs are more than 10,000 times as effective at trapping
this radiated heat than carbon dioxide.
CFCs have also been shown to contribute to the
depletion of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere.
In 1984 the ozone hole formed in Antarctica was larger
than the United States and taller than Mount Everest.
Ozone levels are depleted most dramatically in the
Antarctic, but are being reduced around the world. As
the chlorofluorocarbons break down, they release a
chlorine atom which is capable of destroying tens of
thousands of ozone molecules before being washed out
of the atmosphere. Depletion of the ozone layer permits
greater amounts of ultraviolet radiation to reach the
earth. The increase in ultraviolet radiation affects human
health by increasing the likelihood of developing skin
cancer and cataracts and may depress the human
immune system. Increased ultraviolet radiation reduces
crop yields, depletes marine fisheries, damages
construction materials, and increases smog. Between
1969and 1986, the average global concentration of
ozone in the stratosphere had fallen about 2%.
World-wide recognition of the global threat from
CFCs has begun. In 1977, the EPA and FDA banned
the use of CFCs in the production of most aerosol cans
in the United States. However, these chemicals need to be
reduced on a global scale. In 1987, thirty-five countries
signed the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer. Provisions of the agreement
include a freeze on CFC production at 1986 levels by
1989, a 20% reduction by 1993, and a 50% reduction of
1986 levels by 1998. However, governments which
signed the Protocol need to enforce compliance and
nations that did not sign it must agree to reduce CFC
production for these measures to be effective.
This is a global problem which we all can help solve
at home. As consumers, we can influence industrial and
government decision-makers with our dollars and votes.
Do not use aerosol products. Avoid purchasing products
wrapped in foam packaging material (In 1989,
McDonalds has been involved in a campaign to recycle
styrofoam containers of all kinds. You may wish to check
with your local McDonalds to see if they are willing to
-accept styrofoam containers.) Check your air conditioning
(in home and car) and refrigeration systems for leaks and
have them sealed. When having the air conditioning
system of your car recharged, patronize service stations
-which clean and recycle used coolant, rather than
vaporizing it into the atmosphere. Use materials other than
rigid foam insulation (blown in with CFC-1 1 or CFC-1 2)
to insulate your home. Support legislation for reducing
the amount of OFOs produced and for compliance with
the Montreal Protocol.
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Cresol, a highly caustic, colorless solid or liquid with a sweet tarry odor,
is used mainly as a disinfectant. Cresol is very corrosive to all tissues.
When it comes in contact with the skin it may not produce any burning sensation
immediately. Prickling and intense burning will occur followed by loss of
feeling. If cresol contacts the eyes it may cause extensive damage. Cresol
vapors and liquids are absorbed through inhalation and eye and skin contact.
Repeated or prolonged exposure to low concentrations of cresol can produce
chronic systemic poisoning. Symptoms of poisoning include vomiting, difficulty
in swallowing, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, fainting, dizziness,
mental disturbance and skin rash. Cresol attacks the central nervous system,
respiratory system, liver, kidneys, skin and eyes.
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The word "detergent" refers to household cleaning
products which are based on non-soap, synthetic surfactants
and which are primarily used for laundering and
dishwashing. There are several types of detergents
including automatic dishwashing, hand dishwashing,
enzyme, and low-phosphate detergents.
All detergents contain "cationic," "anionic," or "non-
ionic" detergents. Cationic detergents are the most toxic
when taken internally. Symptoms from ingestion include
nausea, vomiting, shock, convulsions, and coma as
quickly as one to four hours after ingestion, due to rapid
absorption. By themselves, anionic detergents have low
toxicity causing mild, local irritation of skin and eyes. But
the addition of "builders" to anionic detergents is common
and makes anionic detergents alkaline and caustic. Non
ionic detergents have low toxicity. At most, mild
irritation of the skin and mucous membranes occurs.
Ingestion causes no hazardous effects. Some typical
nonionic detergents are alkyl aryl polyether sulfates,
alcohol sulfonates, alkyl phenol polyglycol ethers, and
polyethylene glycol alkyl aryl ethers.
Detergents are responsible for many household
poisonings. Part of the problem is that detergent boxes are
brightly colored and attractive and commonly stored in
low, accessible places. There is a common misconception
that low-phosphate detergents are "safe." While low
phosphate detergents are safer to the environment, they
are 100 to 1000 times more caustic than phosphate
detergents. This means that low-phosphate detergents
can cause serious burns if even a small amount is ingested.
Since powdered granules are more difficult to accidentally
swallow, powdered rather than liquid detergents may be
a safer choice if you have small children in the home.
All detergents should be carefully stored well away from
the reach of children.
- Automatic Dishwashing Detergent -
Most automatic dishwashing detergents are alkaline
with pH values of 10.5 to 12.0. These products may be
classified as irritants or corrosives depending upon their
composition, concentration, and physical form. Skin
irritation or burns may occur following exposure to
dissolved detergents. Toxicity may range from mild tissue
causes severe burns. The fact that automatic dishwashing
detergents contain phosphate causes environmental
concerns. You might consider buying a powdered
automatic detergent over a liquid variety, because
powdered detergents are more difficult to mistakenly
swallow Automatic dishwashing detergents may also
contain sodium carbonate.
- Hand Dishwashing Detergent -
These products are intended for the handwashing
of dishes. Hand dishwashing detergents are much less
toxic than automatic dishwashing detergents. Hand
dishwashing detergents are combinations of anionic and
non-ionic detergents, glycols, alcohols, and salts. Exposure
to the membranes of the mouth, throat, and gastro -
intestinal tract may be irritating but not caustic. Anionic
and non-ionic detergents are not well absorbed, and no
toxic dose has been established. Hand dishwashing
detergents are generally considered low in toxicity.
- Enzyme Detergent -
Enzymes are found in various laundry detergents
and pre-soaks to loosen soil and remove stains. The
enzymes are obtained from selected strains of bacteria.
Products which contain enzymes have irritating and
sensitizing properties. Asthma and dermatitis may occur
from industrial exposure to these enzyme products but
would be unlikely from routine household use.
Granulated detergents, which encapsulate the enzyme,
are less toxic than powdered formulations to people who
have become sensitized to these enzyme detergents.
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Both kerosene and diesel fuel are flammable and are petroleum distillate
products. Kerosene is used in lamps, domestic heaters or furnaces, jet
engine fuel, and as a solvent for greases and pesticides. Diesel fuel has
a higher boiling point than kerosene and is used to power diesel engines.
Kerosene and diesel fuel can damage your health
through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact and
absorption. The first symptoms of poisoning include
confusion, restlessness, and tremors. Overexposure can
lead to central nervous depression with symptoms of
inebriation. This may be followed by nausea and headache
and may eventually lead to coma and death. Aspiration of
fluid into the lungs can occur during ingestion and vomiting.
This may result in chemical pneumonia and lung lesions.
Ingestion of kerosene is a special problem since it is
frequently improperly stored in food containers (such
as soda pop bottles) and then swallowed by children.
Use:
Never smoke around kerosene or diesel fuel.
Keep the lid on when not in use. Do not use kerosene or
diesel fuel to clean paint or grease from your body (use
detergent and water instead or massage with a few
drops of baby oil, butter or margarine, wipe dry, and
wash with soap and water). Always wear protective
gloves and wash your hands and exposed body parts before eating or
smoking. Avoid breathing fumes.
If using a kerosene heater, provide adequate ventilation
to remove combustion pollutants, such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide.
Use only low sulfur 1-K grade fuel in kerosene space heaters.
Never use home heating oil or other fuels.
Storage:
Keep out of the reach of children and pets.
Store in an approved safety container in a garage or
outbuilding with good ventilation. If you have a water
heater, furnace, or other sources of ignition in your
garage, it may not be a safe place to store kerosene or
diesel fuel. Keep away from heat, flame, and sources of
ignition. Do not completely fill the container; kerosene
and diesel fuel need room to expand.
Disposal:
There is usually little need to dispose of kerosene or diesel fuel since
it can normally be used. However, kerosene or diesel fuel that has been
contaminated or dirtied cannot be used and must be saved for disposal by
a licensed hazardous waste collector or through a professional household
hazardous waste collection program.
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Disinfectants are considered pesticides. They reduce some germs and are a
temporary measure at best for making your home "germ free." Skin contact and
vapors can be irritating and corrosive to the respiratory system and skin.
Disinfectants are especially hazardous when dispersed from aerosol cans
because the disinfectant can be easily ingested through the nose and mouth.
Disinfectants may contain one or more of the following hazardous substances:
Ammonia, cationic detergents, cresol, lye, phenol, pine oil. Please refer
to these compounds for specific health hazards associated with these
ingredients.
Use: Avoid aerosol dispensers. Handle
disinfectant with gloves to avoid corrosive effects and absorption
through skin and wear safety goggles. Make sure ventilation is adequate
with plenty of fresh air present. Do not use disinfectants around food,
animals, or children.
Storage:
Keep away from children. Store in a well ventilated area.
Disposal: Use up as intended. To dispose
of unused or unwanted portions take the product to a hazardous household waste
collection center. If collection is not available, then flush the product down
the drain with plenty of water. If on a septic tank or lagoon, dispose of small
quantities over a number of days.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
Ammonia - Fumes irritate eyes and lungs; can cause burns or rashes on skin; can produce deadly chloramine
gas if mixed with chlorine containing products
DETERGENTS - Toxic and poisonous to ingest, causing nausea and in extreme cases - coma
CRESOL - Corrosive to tissue, damages liver, kidneys, lungs, pancreas and spleen
LYE - Caustic product that burns skin, can cause blindness
PHENOL - Central nervous system depression; severely affect circulatory
system; corrosive to skin; suspected carcinogen
PINE OIL - Irritates eyes and mucous membranes
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Chemical drain cleaners (also called drain openers)
are extremely corrosive and dangerous to use. Common
ingredients in drain cleaners include lye or sulfuric acid.
These chemicals work by eating away materials, including
your skin if it should come in contact. Likewise, vapors
are harmful. If you are on a septic system, you should
know that drain cleaners are hard on your system as
they kill the microbial bacteria which are necessary to
the workings of your septic tank. The use of chemical
drain cleaners as a "preventative" measure is not a good
idea. Boiling water or a handful of baking soda and half
cup of vinegar poured down the drain weekly is at least
as effective as a chemical drain cleaner and much, much
safer for you and the environment. Also effective,
particularly in preventing clogs, are many brands of enzymatic
cleaners.
If you have used a chemical drain cleaner and the clog
still exists, Do not
try to clear the drain with a plunger
or pressurized drain opener. This would only invite
splashback. Also, do not add other cleaners to the drain
following the use of a commercial drain cleaner. The
combination of chemicals can produce toxic gas or
become reactive and blow out of the sink and on to you.
If a chemical drain cleaner has done nothing to help your
clog and you still have standing water, then there is no
reasonable choice except to call a professional to fix the
clogged and now contaminated drain. Be sure to tell
them what product was used in the drain so that they
may adequately protect themselves.
If a drain cleaner claims to be "noncaustic" or
"noncorrosive," it should state its ingredients. The product
may still be poisonous if inhaled in heavy concentrations or
swallowed.
Use:
Wear protective gloves and safety goggles. Avoid fumes.
Storage: Store away from children.
Disposal: Use up as intended. Take
unused product to a hazardous household waste collection center. If collection
is not available and if you are connected to a sanitary sewer or municipal
sewer treatment, you may dispose of unwanted portions of drain cleaner by flushing down the drain
with plenty of water. If you are on a septic tank or lagoon, small amounts
of drain cleaner may be flushed with plenty of water over a number of days.
It would be best, however, to ask a friend, relative, or neighbor who is
on a sanitary or municipal system to allow you to use their drain to dispose
of your household quantity of drain cleaner.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
LYE - Caustic causing burns to skin and in severe cases, blindness
SULFURIC ACID - Corrosive, causes severe skin burns, and can cause blindness
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Carbon tetrachloride, now banned from household
products, was the favorite solvent cleaner used in these
products. A leading substitute, perchloroethylene or
PERC, is a volatile, nonflammable solvent, that is fatal in
large doses. There is concern over the chronic inhalation
of perchloroethylene. The primary effect from acute and
chronic inhalation of vapors is depression of the central
nervous system. Other toxic chemicals often found in
spot removing products include trichloroethane, ethylene
dichloride, naphtha, Benzene, and Toluene. For specific
health effects of these ingredients please refer to the
individual headings. All of these solvents present an
inhalation and ingestion hazard. Some also present a
hazard through skin absorption.
Use:
Wear nitrile gloves and arrange your work so that the fumes are blowing
away from you. Do not allow children or pets into the room where you are
working. Keep the lid on the fluid product as much as possible to avoid the
solvent from volatilizing and being breathed. If you spill spot remover or
dry-cleaning fluid on your skin, wash it off immediately with soap and water.
If the solvent spills and puddles, absorb it with kitty litter and throw the
wet absorbent material in a trash can outdoors.
Never use dry-cleaning fluid or spot remover in a washing machine
or put articles that are damp with solvent in a dryer. When you bring clothes
home that have been dry-cleaned, take the plastic bag off and allow the
clothes to air out well before wearing. When using a dry cleaning machine,
to reduce vapors allow the door to remain ajar for a few minutes after the
operation is complete. The solvent will evaporate quickly. Remove garments
from the machine and allow to cool before handling.
Storage: Store away from heat and flames
in a box lined with plastic bags.
Disposal: Currently available means
offer no good way to dispose of leftover dry-cleaning fluid or spot
remover. These solvents should be disposed of by a licensed hazardous waste
handler or saved for a professional household hazardous waste collection.
The best way to eliminate a waste problem is to carefully use up these
products as they were intended.
HAZARDOUS CONSTITUENTS and Possible Effects:
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE - Destructive to liver, kidney, and central nervous system by
inhalation, absorption, skin contact, or ingestion
PERCHLOROETHYLENE - Fumes are carcinogenic and acutely toxic, causing dizziness,
sleepiness, nausea, loss of appetite and disorientation
TRICHLOROETHANE - Irritating to eyes and nose, can result in central nervous
system depression and kidney damage
NAPHTHAS - Inhalation causes drowsiness, headache, coma and cardiac arrest;
irritate eyes, throat and skin
Benzene - Destroys ability to produce blood cells, can cause leukemia;
flammable; carcinogen
Toluene - Produces headache, nausea, narcosis, central nervous system
depression
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There are many types of dyes and which one you use
depends primarily on the type of fabric that is to be dyed.
Some of these dye types are known to be toxic or corrosive,
some cause allergies (sensitizing), and some have
long-term (chronic) health effects such as cancer. The
chronic effects of most synthetic and natural dyes have
not been fully researched. Many of the chemicals used in
dyeing fabrics are hazardous to your health through skin
contact and inhalation.
Many dyes require additional chemicals (mordants)
to bind the dye into the cloth fibers. Mordants are used
with both natural and synthetic dyes and can cause serious
health effects. Some mordants are Ammonia (a skin
irritant), oxalic acid (a corrosive), and potassium
dichromate (toxic when inhaled).
Two common types of dyes used in the home are
natural and direct dyes. Natural dyes (also known as
mordant dyes) require the use of a mordant and are
prepared from plants, insects, and algae. These dyes
are used to color cotton and silk. Since most natural
dyes are prepared by soaking the natural product, there
is no hazard due to inhalation. However, since the
mordant may be hazardous, be sure to protect yourself
from skin absorption.
All commonly available household dyes are direct
dyes. These dyes are used for coloring cotton, linen, or
viscose rayon. Table salt is used as a dyeing assistant
and the dyes require heat in order to set. Many direct
dyes are based on benzidine or benzidine derivatives,
which are highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion, and
possibly through skin absorption. Benzidine and its
derivatives are known carcinogens.
To find out more about dyes, request the data sheet
"Dyes Hazards and Precautions" published by the Center for
Occupational Hazards. To obtain a copy, send a
self-addressed, stamped envelope with your request to: 5
Beekman Street, New York, New York 10038.
Use:
If you use fabric dyes, please follow these
general rules for safe use.
- Know what type of dye you have and its health
hazards. A Color Index (C.I.) number or name is assigned
to all commercial dyes. The C.l. identifications make it
possible to research scientific literature for details about
the properties and hazards of a dye. In addition, request
the Material Safety Data Sheey (MSDS) from the manufacturer.
- Avoid inhalation of dye powders and fiber dusts. Use dyes dissolved
in water (never other solvents) rather than powder form.
- Protect yourself. Wear appropriate gloves. Wear special work clothes
when working with dyes and wash them separately from other laundry.
- Use separate utensils for dyes and for food. A pot which seems clean can
be porous enough to hold hazardous amounts of dye.
- Do not use bleach, organic solvents, or other strong chemicals to clean
dye-stained skin.
- Do not use chemical dyes, including all-purpose househo
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